Biography of Zhu Di, Chinas Yongle Emperor

Zhu Di (May 2, 1360–August 12, 1424), also known as the Yongle Emperor, was the third ruler of Chinas Ming Dynasty. He embarked on a series of ambitious projects, including the lengthening and widening of the Grand Canal, which carried grain and other goods from southern China to Beijing. Zhu Di also built the Forbidden City and led a number of attacks against the Mongols, who threatened the Mings northwestern flank. Fast Facts: Zhu Di Known For: Zhu Di was the third emperor of Chinas Ming dynasty.Also Known As: Yongle EmperorBorn: May 2, 1360 in Nanjing, ChinaParents: Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress MaDied: August 12, 1424 in Yumuchuan, ChinaSpouse: Empress XuChildren: Nine Early Life Zhu Di was born on May 2, 1360, to the future founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, and an unknown mother. Although official records claim the boys mother was the future Empress Ma, rumors persist that his true biological mother was a Korean or Mongolian consort of Zhu Yuanzhang. From an early age, according to Ming sources, Zhu Di proved more capable and courageous than his older brother Zhu Biao. However, according to Confucian principles, the eldest son was expected to succeed to the throne. Any deviation from this rule could spark a civil war. As a teenager, Zhu Di became Prince of Yan, with his capital at Beijing. With his military prowess and aggressive nature, Zhu Di was well-suited to holding northern China against raids by the Mongols. At 16, he married the 14-year-old daughter of General Xu Da, who commanded the northern defense forces. In 1392, Crown Prince Zhu Biao died suddenly of an illness. His father had to choose a new successor: either the Crown Princes teenaged son, Zhu Yunwen, or the 32-year-old Zhu Di. Keeping with tradition, the dying Zhu Biao chose Zhu Yunwen, who was next in line for succession. Path to the Throne The first Ming emperor died in 1398. His grandson, Crown Prince Zhu Yunwen, became the Jianwen Emperor. The new emperor carried out his grandfathers orders that none of the other princes should bring their legions to observe his burial, for fear of civil war. Bit by bit, the Jianwen Emperor stripped his uncles of their lands, power, and armies. Zhu Bo, the prince of Xiang, was forced to commit suicide. Zhu Di, however, feigned mental illness as he plotted a revolt against his nephew. In July 1399, he killed two of the Jianwen Emperors officers, the first blow in his uprising. That fall, the Jianwen Emperor sent a force of 500,000 against Beijing armies. Zhu Di and his army were out on patrol elsewhere, so the women of the city fended off the imperial army by throwing crockery at them until their soldiers returned and routed Jianwens forces. By 1402, Zhu Di had made his way south to Nanjing, defeating the emperors army at every turn. On July 13, 1402, as he entered the city, the imperial palace went up in flames. Three bodies—identified as those of the Jianwen Emperor, the empress, and their oldest son—were found among the charred wreckage. Nonetheless, rumors persisted that Zhu Yunwen had survived. At the age of 42, Zhu Di took the throne under the name Yongle, meaning perpetual happiness. He immediately set about executing anyone who opposed him, along with their friends, neighbors, and relatives—a tactic invented by Qin Shi Huangdi. He also ordered the construction of a large ocean-going fleet. Some believe that the ships were intended to search for Zhu Yunwen, whom some believed had escaped to Annam, northern Vietnam, or some other foreign land. Treasure Fleet Between 1403 and 1407, the Yongle Emperors workmen built well over 1,600 oceangoing junks of various sizes. The largest were called treasure ships, and the Armada was known as the Treasure Fleet. In 1405, the first of seven voyages of the Treasure Fleet left for Calicut, India, under the direction of the Yongle Emperors old friend, the eunuch Admiral Zheng He. The Yongle Emperor would oversee six voyages through 1422, and his grandson would launch a seventh in 1433. The Treasure Fleet sailed as far as the east coast of Africa, projecting Chinese power throughout the Indian Ocean and gathering tribute from far and wide. The Yongle Emperor hoped these exploits would rehabilitate his reputation after the bloody and anti-Confucian chaos by which he gained the throne. Foreign and Domestic Policies Even as Zheng He set out on his first voyage in 1405, Ming China dodged a huge bullet from the west. The great conqueror Timur had been detaining or executing Ming envoys for years and decided it was time to conquer China in the winter of 1404-1405. Fortunately for the Yongle Emperor and the Chinese, Timur became ill and died in what is now Kazakhstan. The Chinese seem to have been oblivious to the threat. In 1406, the northern Vietnamese killed a Chinese ambassador and a visiting Vietnamese prince. The Yongle Emperor sent an army half a million strong to avenge the insult, conquering the country in 1407. However, Vietnam revolted in 1418 under the leadership of Le Loi, who founded the Le Dynasty, and by 1424 China had lost control of nearly all Vietnamese territory. The Yongle Emperor considered it a priority to erase all traces of Mongolian cultural influence from China, following his fathers defeat of the ethnically-Mongol Yuan Dynasty. He did reach out to the Buddhists of Tibet, however, offering them titles and riches. Transport was a perpetual issue early on in the Yongle era. Grain and other goods from southern China had to be shipped along the coast or else portaged from boat to boat up the narrow Grand Canal. The Yongle Emperor had the Grand Canal deepened, widened, and extended up to Beijing—a massive financial undertaking. After the controversial palace fire in Nanjing that killed the Jianwen Emperor, and a later assassination attempt there against the Yongle Emperor, the third Ming ruler decided to permanently move his capital north to Beijing. He built a massive palace compound there, called the Forbidden City, which was completed in 1420. Decline In 1421, the Yongle Emporers favorite senior wife died in the spring. Two concubines and a eunuch were caught having sex, setting off a horrific purge of palace staff that ended with the Yongle Emperor executing hundreds or even thousands of his eunuchs, concubines, and other servants. Days later, a horse that had once belonged to Timur threw the emperor, whose hand was crushed in the accident. Worst of all, on May 9, 1421, three bolts of lightning struck the main buildings of the palace, setting the newly completed Forbidden City on fire. Contritely, the Yongle Emperor remitted grain taxes for the year and promised to halt all expensive foreign adventures, including the Treasure Fleet voyages. His experiment with moderation did not last long, however. In late 1421, after the Tatar ruler Arughtai declined to pay tribute to China, the Yongle Emperor flew into a rage, requisitioning over a million bushels of grain, 340,000 pack animals, and 235,000 porters from three southern provinces to supply his army during its attack on Arughtai. The emperors ministers opposed this rash attack and six of them ended up imprisoned or dead by their own hands as a result. Over the next three summers, the Yongle Emperor launched annual attacks against Arughtai and his allies, but never managed to find the Tatar forces. Death On August 12, 1424, the 64-year-old Yongle Emperor died on the march back to Beijing after another fruitless search for the Tatars. His followers fashioned a coffin and carried him to the capital in secret. The Yongle Emperor was buried in a mounded tomb in the Tianshou Mountains, about 20 miles from Beijing. Legacy Despite his own experience and misgivings, the Yongle Emperor appointed his quiet, bookish eldest son Zhu Gaozhi as his successor. As the Hongxi Emperor, Zhu Gaozhi would lift tax burdens on peasants, outlaw foreign adventures, and promote Confucian scholars to positions of power. The Hongxi Emperor survived his father for less than a year; his own eldest son, who became the Xuande Emperor in 1425, would combine his fathers love of learning with his grandfathers martial spirit. Sources Mote, Frederick W.  Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 2003.Roberts, J. A. G.  The Complete History of China. Sutton, 2003.

Symbolic Interactionism Essay - 1381 Words

Symbolic Interactionism On the surface, sociology is the study of society and human behavior; yet looking deeper, it is the study of humans in groups and how they interact with one another. Sociologists look at these groups by means of the sociological perspective. This involves looking at a certain behavior like it has never been looked at it before. When done right one can come to a deeper level of understanding about behavior. Using your sociological imagination you are able conceptualize how a person’s macro level, which consists of the larger aspects of life such as family and government, and their micro level, (which is the individual itself) combine in order form the person they are. Using my sociological†¦show more content†¦We chose a small square table on the first floor. To our left was a table of four girls, to our right was two guys and next to them was two small individual cubicles occupied by a male and a female. Leah and I began to unload our work; as she tries to get work done I began my observations. Each one of the four girls is diligently working almost as if the others do not exist. The two boys appear far from humorless as they read through magazines, laughing and making jokes about who is going to win the super bowl. My attention then drifts back to the girls on my left whom appear rejuvenated. As they get ready to leave they are filled with excitement about the night’s basketball game and the hottest players. Looking beyond the girls I notice some other tables in the distance occupied by a group of Korean guys who appear to be isolated from the library. They are tucked into the back of the room almost hidden. Glancing around, I now notice that all the people within site are Caucasian except for the Koreans and an African-American girl who is sitting alone in the cubicle. As I watch her I notice that every time she highlights something she will stop, stare off into the dis tance as if she is almost allowing the information to be properly stored. Leah interrupts my thoughts. She asks me the time. I tell her to buy a watch, expecting her to go back to work. She then demands me to listen to her paper. She reads me the paper and we begin to go off on extreme tangentsShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Interactionism1361 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolic Interactionism Symbolic interactionism is the way we learn to interpret and give meaning to the world through our interactions with others (LaRossa amp; Reitzes, 1993). Herbert Blumer was credited with the term â€Å"symbolic interactionism† in 1937. Blumer was a follower of George H. Mead, and was influenced by John Dewey. Dewey insisted that human beings are best understood in relation to their environment (The Society for More Creative Speech, 1996). 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Bad Boys I Synopsis Free Essays

Bad Boys which was directed by the Michael Bay, former video director, had the chance to be recognized as this action comedy film had been a big hit. Allotting a very big budget for this movie was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson. The main casts in this film are two Miami cops, Mike Lowrey in the portrayal of Will Smith (a bachelor) and Marcus Burnett in the person Martin Lawrence (a family man). We will write a custom essay sample on Bad Boys I Synopsis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their team up gives the film best shots. Lowrey and Burnett takes a highly dangerous case since 100 million dollars of heroin had been stolen out of the basement of police headquarters, which had been the biggest drug bust of their careers. These two Miami policemen have only got 72 hours to reclaim the heroin before the Internal Affairs Division shuts them down. A French drug kingpin named Fouchet (Tcheky Karyo), puts them hot on the trail, since this drug lord leaves a trace of bodies in his wake. Giving color to the story is played by Julie Mott (Tea Leoni), who witnessed the murder of her friend, Maxine Logan (a hooker). She decided to contact the police and is willing to talk only to Mike but he doesn’t know what he looks like. Since Mike is not there, Marcus, his partner needs to pretend as Mike, living a bachelor lifestyle. In Mike’s return, he should also impersonate Marcus as a married man. What makes it exciting is that it has been complicated on both parts but they have to do it in order for them to get the support of the sole witness. This movie is a great film specially their concept of the â€Å"buddy† formula. The scenes are realistic and high violence gave the movie a very attractive taste to the viewers. By the end of the movie, what we care about are the story, picture and main characters which give the movie a very fantastic film. Bad Boys. (1995). Synopsis for Bad Boys. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0112442/. MSN movies. (1995). Bad Boys: Synopsis. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://movies. msn. com/movies/movie-synopsis/bad-boys. 1/ How to cite Bad Boys I Synopsis, Papers

jimmy cross and george orwell comparison Essay Example For Students

jimmy cross and george orwell comparison Essay George Orwell and Jimmy Cross Character ComparisonIn the two short stories, Shooting an Elephant and the Things They Carried there are certain similarities and differences that George Orwell and Jimmy Cross hold. Each character in the short stories has there own different situation they are in, but they both are in a foreign land and they both have to take orders and do what there country is asking of them. However, even though each situation is different they both deal with some of the same emotional issues throughout each story. In the story, Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell was a police officer for the British government. In the story it is hard to tell if George was actually forced to go to Burma, but none the less he states, As for the job I was doing, I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear (Orwell 1539). This is almost exactly the same way Jimmy Cross feels in the Things They Carried. Jimmy was a soldier during the Vietnam War. In the story Jimmy holds on to the memories of a girl he has a crush on and dreads every day that he is stuck in Vietnam and away from home. This plays a huge role in each of the stories mainly because each character is in a situation they dont want to be in, but are forced to deal with. For instance, in Shooting an Elephant George shoots and kills an elephant, but it is more complex than that. George feels in the beginning that he should have to shoot and kill the elephant. By the time George gets to the elephant he thinks differently and changes he thoughts as he states clearly in the story, As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot himI decided that would watch him for a little while to make sure that he did not turn savage again, and then go home (Orwell 1541). At that moment though George looks around and sees that he has drawn such a huge crowd that is waiting and pressuring him into shooting the elephant. This would not have been a huge thing, but provided that the same crowd that had hated George was now showing interest in him he figured he must shoot the elephant. This is where he is linked with the other short story the Things They Carried. The Things They Carried showed that life was miserable and that men were not killing for some great glory or honor. Just like George Orwell the men were killing for a different purpose. The men in the Things They Carried were killing to because they were embarrassed not to. In fact the narrator says, Men killed, and died, because they were embarrassed not to. It was what has bought them to war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory or honor, just to avoid the blush of dishonor. They killed as to not die of embarrassmentRather they were too frightened to be cowards.(OBrien 1491) This is exactly why Orwell had shot and killed the elephant. George Orwell was so scared of what people may think of him, that is why he shot the elephant. George didnt want to be called a coward or even disregarded less of man then what he already was. This put George in a situation he never wanted to be in. The same was true for Jimmy in Vietnam. The stories also show explicit detail to how the characters deal with death. In the Things They Carried Jimmy deals with death by guilt. He believes that his soldiers deaths were his fault. The narrator states that You couldnt burn the blame (OBrien 1492), which refers to that Jimmy was taking all the blame for the death of his fallen soldier. In difference from Jimmy, Orwell did kill the elephant, but he too was taking it hard, but instead of truly accepting it to be his fault he seems to try to make excuses for what he has done. Orwell states I am glad that coolie had been killed; it put me in right and it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant.(Orwell 1544) Orwells strongest point that he makes after he kills the elephant is at the end of the story when he says, I often wondered whether any of the others grasped that I had done it solely to avoid looking a fool.(Orwell 1544)The two characters, George and Jimmy, both shared many of these same emotions throughout eac h story. George had killed an elephant and was solely holding guilt for it. While on the other hand Jimmy had watched one of his own soldiers fall and he was holding guilt for that. Each of the two stories gives you the same feeling that is portrayed by each character in how they act and each really make a great forward approach of how they each feel that makes you feel like you down to earth people.

How The Simpsons Affects Kids Essays (2540 words) - The Simpsons

How The Simpsons Affects Kids The Simpsons is one of Americas most popular television shows. It ranks as the number one television program for viewers under eighteen years of age. However, the ideals that The Simpsons conveys are not always wholesome, sometimes not even in good taste. It is inevitable that The Simpsons is affecting children. Matt Groening took up drawing to escape from his troubles in 1977. At the time, Groening was working for the L.A. Reader, a free weekly newspaper. He began working on Life in Hell, a humorous comic strip consisting of people with rabbit ears. The L.A. Reader picked up a copy of his comic strip and liked what they saw. Life in Hell gradually became a common comic strip in many free weeklies and college newspapers across the country. It even developed a cult status. (Varhola, 1) Life in Hell drew the attention of James L. Brooks, producer of works such as Taxi, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and Terms of Endearment. Brooks originally wanted Groening to make an animated pilot of Life in Hell. Groening chose not to do so in fear of loosing royalties from papers that printed the strip. Groening presented Brooks with an overweight, balding father, a mother with a blue beehive hairdo, and three obnoxious spiky haired children. Groening intended for them to represent the typical American family "who love each other and drive each other crazy". Groening named the characters after his own family. His parents were named Homer and Margaret and he had two younger sisters named Lisa and Maggie. Bart was an anagram for "brat". Groening chose the last name "Simpson" to sound like the typical American family name. (Varhola, 2) Brooks decided to put the 30 or 60 second animations on between skits on The Tracy Ullman Show on the unsuccessful Fox network. Cast members Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner did the voices of Homer and Marge. Yeardley Smith (later to star in Herman's Head) did the voice of Lisa. Nancy Cartwright did the voice of Bart. Cartwright previously supplied the voices for many cartoons, including Galaxy High, Fantastic Max, Richie Rich, Snorks, Pound Puppies, My Little Pony, and Glo-Friends. Tracy Ullman later added Cartwright to her cast. (Dale and Trich, 11) Brooks, Groening, and Sam Simon, Tracy Ullman's producer, wanted to turn the Simpson family into their own show. The Fox network was looking for material to appeal to younger viewers. The only show they had that drew a young audience was Married With Children. To Fox's pleasure, The Simpsons saved the network from near failure. (Varhola, 3) On December 17, 1989, The Simpsons got their break. The Christmas special, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" aired. (Dale and Trich, 19) In the episode, Bart got a tattoo, much to Marge's dislike. She quickly spent all of the family's Christmas money to remove Bart's tattoo with a laser. At the same time, Homer, still on his morning coffee break at 4:00 in the afternoon, learns that he will not receive a Christmas bonus. When he learns that Marge is relying on the money for Christmas, he decides that he will do the Christmas shopping for the year. He quickly buys Marge panty hose, Bart paper, Lisa crayons, and Maggie a dog toy. When he realizes that he is not doing very well, he gets a second job as a mall Santa for the extra money. On the way home from work, he steals a Christmas tree. The next day at the mall, Bart sits on his Dad's lap and pulls down his beard. Homer responds by choking Bart and making him help make Christmas better. On Christmas Eve, Homer receives his check, $13.70 for over 40 hours work. Homer takes Bart to the dog track as a final chance for Christmas money. They discovered a gem in the third r ace, Santa's Little Helper. How could this dog loose on Christmas Eve? The odds were 99 to 1, they were going to be rich. Homer put all of his money on Santa's Little Helper, and to his horror, he never even finished. As Homer and Bart were scouring the parking lot for winning tickets into the night, they saw the

Outline the key theoretical claims of restorative justice and critically evaluate its advantages and disadvantages as applied to contemporary punishment practices in the UK. The WritePass Journal

Outline the key theoretical claims of restorative justice and critically evaluate its advantages and disadvantages as applied to contemporary punishment practices in the UK. Abstract Outline the key theoretical claims of restorative justice and critically evaluate its advantages and disadvantages as applied to contemporary punishment practices in the UK. ). Further, over the last three decades, within the context of the rise of neo-liberal populism, that has seen decline of the rehabilitative ideal, restorative justice practices have the potential to mitigate the worst excesses of punitive punishments (Garland, 2001). However, the theoretical underpinnings of restorative justice, as this paper will show, has been attacked in various ways, due, in part, to its propensity to either be seen as undermining the impartiality of the criminal justice system, or as yet another form of what Foucault (1975) describes as ‘governmentality’. From this perspective, restorative justice is seen as an informal process that results in a net-widening of state control (Garland, 2001, Pavlich, 2013). This, in turn, has generated a significant ideological debate over the future of criminal justice (Johnstone Van Ness, 2007). Proponents of restorative justice, however, argue that within the prevailing punitive regime, the increase in custodial sentences has generated a penal crisis that may be mitigated by the use of restorative approaches (Cavadino Dignan, 2006). Restorative justice may therefore be seen as a significant and pragmatic means of lowering the rate of recidivism and bringing about a more humane and equitable justice (Sim, 2008, Cornwell, 2009). The Demise of the Rehabilitative Ideal Since the eighteenth century, idea’s surrounding state punishment have led to a mixture of approaches that prevail today (Stohr et al, 2012). Clarkson, 2005, suggests that these theories in turn have generated continual discourse surrounding the moral justifications for punishment, which are; retributivism, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Sim (2009), citing Foucault, argues that although the prevailing literature on the history of the criminal justice system has placed an emphasis on the shifts and discontinuities in the apparatus of punishment, such as the move from retributive punishment toward a more progressive rehabilitative approach, since the mid 1970s punishment has been underpinned and legitimated by a political and populist hostility to offenders (ibid, Garland 2001, Cornwell, 2009). Garland (2001) argues that the last three decades has seen a shift away from the assumptions and ideologies that shaped crime control for most of the twentieth century. To day’s practices of policing and penal sanctions, Garland argues, pursue new objectives in a move away from the penal welfarism (rehabilitation) that shaped the 1890s†1970s approach of policy makers, academics and practitioners. Cornwell (2009) argues that although the rehabilitative model of punishment was seen as a progressive approach in the middle years of the last century, when it was widely accepted that the provision of ‘treatment and training’ would change the patterns of offending behaviour, the ideology failed to work out in practice (Garland, 2001). In turn, there became a disenchantment with the rehabilitative approach, and the ‘Nothing Works’ scenario became an accepted belief, given the reality of prison custody (Martinson, 1974). Muncie (2005) claims that the 1970s neo-liberal shift in political ideology saw the rehabilitative welfare model based on meeting individual needs, regress back towards a ‘justice model’ (ret ributive), that is more concerned with the offence than the offender. From the 1990s, Muncie argues, ‘justice’ has moved away from due process and rights to an authoritarian form of crime control. The Prison Crisis Cornwell (2009) claims that the effect of the ‘justice model’ on the prison population cannot be overstated (Sim, 2008). In England and Wales in 1990 the average daily prison population stood at around 46,000, by 1998 this figure increased to over 65,000, by 2009 the number rose to 82,586 (ibid). Further, the findings in the 2007 Commission on Prison’s suggest that a ‘crisis’ now defines the UK penal system (The Howard League, 2007). Despite a 42,000 decline in reported crime since 1995, the Commission argue, the prison population has soared to a high of 84,000 in 2008, more than doubling since 1992. Cornwell (2009) claims that at present the costs of keeping an offender in prison stands at around  £40,000 per year, where the estimated cost of building new prisons to accommodate the rise of the prison population will take huge resources of public money. Prison has therefore become the defining tool of the punishment process, where the United Kingdom (UK) now imprisons more of its population than any other country in Western Europe (ibid: p.6). A History of Restorative Justice In response to the prison crisis, experimentation in the 1990s began to see various forms of restorative justice models in order to mitigate retributive punishment and as a means of re-introducing a greater emphasis on the rehabilitation ideal (Muncie, 2005). The arguments for restorative forms of justice, Cornwell (2009) claims, are not just about cost and sustainability on national resources, but more significantly, the notion of the type of unjust society the United Kingdom (UK) is likely to become unless this surge in punitive sanctions is not abated (ibid, Sim, 2009). Cornwell (2009) suggests that the main strength of the restorative justice model is that it is ‘practitioner led’, deriving from the practical experience of correctional officials and academics who have a comprehensive understanding of the penal system. From a ‘Nothing Works’ (Martinson, 1974) to a ‘What Works’ experience, the emphasis of restorative justice has been to identi fy a more humane, equitable and practical means of justice that goes beyond the needs of the offender (rehabilitative goal) toward addressing the victims and their communities (Cornwell, 2009). Restorative Justice † Theory and Practice Howard Zehr (2002), envisioned restorative justice as addressing the victim’s needs or harm that holds offenders accountable to put right the harm that involves the victims, offenders and their communities (Zehr, 2002). The first focus is on holding the offender accountable for harm, the second is the requirement that in order to reintegrate into society, offenders must do something significant to repair the harm. Third, there should be a process through which victims, offenders and communities have a legitimate stake in the outcomes of justice (Cornwell, 2009.p:45). In this way, Zehr (2002) redefines or redirects the harm of crime away from its definition of a violation of the state, toward a violation of one person by another. At the same time, the focus of establishing blame or guilt shifts toward a focus on problem solving and obligations. As a result, communities and not the state become the central facilitators in repairing and restoring harm (ibid). Although restorative justice has received wide recognition across many western countries together with the endorsement of the Council of Europe in 1999, progress toward the implementation of restorative justice principles into mainstream criminal justice practices is slow (Cornwell, 2009). Further, restorative justice, both in theory and practice continues to generate a substantial and contentious debate (Morris, 2002). Restorative Justice † A Critique Acorn (2005) argues that ‘justice’ has traditionally symbolised the scales of impartiality on the one hand, and the sword of power, on the other. Justice is thereby possible when a neutral judge calculates a fair balance of accounts to make decisions that are backed by state power. Restorative justice, by its practice of informal dispute resolutions, can be seen as a call to a return of a ‘privatised’ form of justice (ibid, Strang Braithwaite, 2002). This criticism is qualified by the propensity of restorative justice advocates (Braithwaite, 1989) that critique punitive justice responses and thereby view the power of the state as harmful. This in turn, at least theoretically, erodes state power and state created crime categories, thereby threatening to create a ‘privatised’ justice process (Strang Braithwaite, 2002). Within this process, Strang Braithwaite (2002) argue, restorative justice cannot be seen to ‘legitimately’ deal wi th crimes. Acorn (2004) suggests that unlike the prevailing criminal justice system, the desire to punish (retribution) is replaced by a version of justice that is centred on specifically nuanced concepts of harm, obligation, need, re-integration and forgiveness. Such values guide Family Group Conferences, Community Mediation, Victim-Offender Commissions and various forms of tribunals (Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)) (MacLaughlin et al, 2003). Family Group Conferences is a prominent practice in restorative justice, that includes community members (paid or unpaid) to ‘hear’ disputes and help parties to resolve conflicts. However, rather than a diversion from the criminal justice system, such conferences involve offenders already convicted (Acorn, 2004). Garland (2001) views this arrangement a form of ‘net-widening’, where informal justice becomes part of the social landscape that encompasses a widening and ever expanding form of crime control (ibid). A lthough restorative justice advocates argue that informal justice creates domains of freedom that empower victims, offenders and communities, opponents claim that restorative justice represents another pernicious way in which community mediation expands state control, while claiming to do precisely the opposite (Acorn, 2004, Garland, 2001, Pavlich, 2013). Restorative justice proponents are clear in their critique of the criminal justice system that is seen to not represent victims or their communities, where state officials, such as the police, lawyers and judges, are impartial, and thereby have no direct understanding of those affected by criminal offenses (Pavlich, 2013). Here, Pavlich refers to Foucault’s concept of ‘governmentality’, where the state subtly arranges the background settings to produce subjects who think and act in ways that do not require direct coercion, in what Foucault terms the ‘conduct of conduct’ (Pavlich, 2013, Foucault, 197 5). In this way, Foucault argues, self governed subjects are produced when they buy into the logic and formulated identities of a given governmentality (Foucault, 1975). Garland and Sparks (2000) claim that restorative justice, as a form of govermentality has, in part, come about by the increased attention, over the last twenty-five years, toward the rights of the ‘victim’. Here, Garland (2001) argues that the last two decades has seen the rise of a distinctly populist current in penal politics that no longer relies on the evidence of the experts and professional elites. Whereas a few decades ago public opinion functioned as an occasional restraint on policy initiatives, it now operates as a privileged source. Within this context, Garland argues, victims have attained an unprecedented array of ‘rights’ within the criminal justice system, ranging from; ‘the right to make victim impact statements’, the right to be consulted in prosecutions, sentencing and parole together with notifications of offenders post release movements and the right to receive compensation. Further, the right to receive service provision ent ails the use of Victim Support agencies who help people address their feelings and offer practical help and assistance, mitigating the negative impact of crime (Reeves and Mulley, 2000). Wright (2000) suggests that while such developments may be seen as a triumph for victim support movements, these reforms do not fundamentally alter the structural position of victims. This, Wright explains, is because the punitive structural system remains intact whereby the victim’s interests will necessarily remain secondary to the wider public interest, represented by the crown (Wright, 2000). It can be argued that while critics may be seen as correct in their perception of restorative justice as a form of governmentality or net-widening by the state, the attack may be seen as premature, given the early stages of its development (Cornwell, 2009). Cornwell argues that critics have not given restorative justice enough time to develop and potentially emerge as a stand alone resolution to the problem of crime and its repercussions for the victims, offenders and their communities (ibid). Restorative justice programmes are still at an embryonic stage, where they are attracting critique, mainly due to their attachment to the Criminal Justice System (Cornwell, 2009, Morris, 2002, Ministry of Justice, 2012). Cornwell (2009) also addresses the argument that the restorative approach places too much emphasis on the status it affords to the victims of crime. In reality, Cornwell suggests, that status is very much based on political rhetoric rather than actual reform. The publication of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 that anticipated an advance in restorative and reparative measures into the criminal justice system, in reality bought in a much more punitive provision. Restorative measures under the Act are initiated on the basis of a ‘mix and match’ arrangement for ‘custody plus minus’. Here, (Garrielides, 2003) points out that restorative justice has therefore become somewhat removed from its underlying theory (Garrielides, 2003). Put simply, the restorative approach has been cherry picked to support other punitive initiatives, leaving its central tenets at the margins of the criminal justice system (Cornwell, 2009). Restorative Justice – Does it Work? Since the 1990s a number of restorative justice trial schemes began to take place, in order to measure success in terms of re-offending and victim satisfaction. According to a Ministry of Justice Report (Shapland et al, 2008), measuring the success of restorative justice against criminal justice control groups, it was found that offenders who took part in restorative justice schemes committed statistically significantly fewer offences (in terms of reconvictions) in the subsequent two years than offenders in the control group. Further, although restorative justice has been generally reported to be more successful within youth justice, this research showed no demographic differences, for example; in age, ethnicity, gender or offence type. The report also showed that eighty-five percent of victims were happy with the process (ibid). These results are reflected in various case studies. Published by the Restorative Justice Council (2013) the following gives an example of the positive impa ct that restorative justice can have on the victim, the offender and communities: Arrested in February last year, Jason Reed was sentenced to five years in prison after admitting to more than fifty other burglaries.   During the criminal justice process, Jason expressed his wish to start afresh and make amends, so he was referred to the post-conviction restorative justice unit. After a full assessment to ensure his case was suitable for restorative justice measures, three conferences took place between Jason and five of his victims. The victims had different motivations for taking part and they were able to express their upset and anger directly to the offender. Jason agreed to pay back an agreed amount of compensation and the victims showed some acceptance and forgiveness (Restorative Justice Council, 2013). Conclusion Overall, this paper has argued that restorative justice may be seen as an attempt to address the disillusion within the criminal justice system in the 1970s that had conceded that ‘Nothing Works’. The demise of the rehabilitative ideal (Garland, 2001), against the backdrop of political shifts toward a neo-liberal ideology, bought about a more punitive, retributive stance toward punishment and offending (Sim, 2008). As a result, the rise in prison populations has bought about a penal crisis. In response, new initiatives in restorative justice began to develop, emerging as a more equitable, humane form of punishment (Cornwell, 2009). The advantages of the restorative approach cannot be overstated, as this paper shows, rather than the state focusing on the offender (as is the case with the prevailing criminal justice system), restorative justice seeks to address the needs of the victim and community participation (Zehr, 2002). In practical terms, there appears to be some su ccess in terms of re-offending and victim satisfaction (Ministry of Justice, 2008). Despite the criticisms (Garland, 2001), it can be argued that restorative justice demonstrates an opportunity and potential to mitigate the worst excesses of the criminal justice system and bring about a more equitable and humane approach (Cornwell, 2009). Word count: 2654 Bibliography Acorn, A (2004) Compulsory Compassion: A Critique of Restorative Justice. Vol 14, No.6 (June 2004) pp. 446-448. University of British Columbia Press Bottoms, A, Gelsthorpe, S Rex, S (2013) Community Penalties: Change Challenges. London: Wilan Publishing Cavadino, M Dignan, J (2006) Penal Systems: A Comparative Approach. London: Sage Publications Clarkson, M (2005) Understanding Criminal Law. London: Sweet Maxwell Cornwell, D (2009) The Penal Crisis and the Clapham Omnibus: Questions and Answers in Restorative Justice. Hampshire: Waterside Press Dupont-Morales, M, Hooper, M, Schmidt, J (2000) Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Garland, D (2001) Culture of Control: Crime Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxon: Oxford University Press Garland, D Sparks, R (2000) Criminology Social Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Garrielides, T (2003) Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Mind the Gap! Available[online]from: euforum.org/readingroom/Newsletter/Vol04Issue03.pdf The Howard League for Prison Reform (2007) Do Better, Do Less: The report of the Commission on English Prisons Today. The Howard League. Available [online] from: howardleague.org/fileadmin/howard_league/user/online_publications/Do_Better_Do_Less_res.pdf Accessed on 26th February 2014-02-27 Johnstone, G (2011) Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates: Second Edition. Oxon: Wilan Publishing Marshall, T (1996) The Evolution of Restorative Justice in Britain. European Journal on Criminal Police and Research (4) 21-43 McLaughlin, E, Fergusson, R, Hughes, G, Westmaland, L (2003) Restorative Justice: Critical Issues. London: The Open University Ministry of Justice (2012) Restorative Justice Action Plan for the Criminal Justice System. November 2012 Available [online] from: restorative_justice_action_plan.pdf Morris, A (2002) Critiquing the Critics: A Brief Response to Critics of Restorative Justice. British Journal of Criminology (2002) 42 (3): 596-615 Muncie, J (2005) The Globalization of Crime Control: the Case of Youth and Juvenile Justice: Neo-Liberalism, Policy Convergence International Conventions. Theoretical Criminology 9 (1) pp: 35-64 Raynor, P, Robinson, G (2009) Rehabilitation, Crime and Justice. London: Palgrave Macmillan Restorative Justice Council (2013) Case Studies Available [online] from: http:www.restorativejustice.org.uk/?p=resourceskeyword=178 Accessed on: 27th February 2014 Reeves, H Mulley,K (2000) The New Status of Victims in the UK: Threats and Opportunities, cit in: Crawford, A and Goodey, J (eds) Integrating a Victim Perspective Within Criminal Justice Debates. Aldershot: Ashgate Press Robinson, G Crow, I (2009) Offender Rehabilitation: Theory, Research Practice. London: Sage Publications Shapland, J, Atkinson, A, Atkinson, H, Dignan, J, Edwards, L, Hibbert, J, Howes, M, Johnstone, J, Robinson, G and Sorsby, A (2008) Does Restorative Justice Effect Reconviction. The fourth report from the evaluation of three schemes. Ministry of Justice 2008. Available [online] from: restorativejustice.org.uk/resource/ministry_of_justice_evaluation_does_restorative_justice_affect_reconviction_the_fourth_report_from_the_evaluation_of_three_schemes/ Accessed on 26th February 2014 Sim, J (2009) Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State.London: Sage Publications Limited Stohr, M, Walsh, A, Hemmens, C (2012) Corrections, a text/reader, Second Edition. London: Sage Publications. Strickland, R.A (2004) Studies in Crime Punishment. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc Sumner, C (2008) The Blackwell Companion to Criminology. London: John Wiley Sons Wright, M (2000) Restorative justice and Mediation. Paper presented at the conference Probation Methods in Criminal Policy: Current State and Perspectives at Popowo, Poland, 20-21 October. Available [online] from: restorativejustice.org/10fulltext/wrightmartin2000restorative/view Accessed on: 28th February 2014 Zehr, H (2002) Little Book of Restorative Justice. New Zealand: The Little Books of Justice and Peace Building

Within almost all eukaryotic cells the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Essay

Within almost all eukaryotic cells the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and endosomes can be considered as a system, cooperating to deliver secerted material to the cell surface - Essay Example Why is it that all these are considered as a system? This is because it has a set of membranes forming a single functional and developmental unit that are either connected directly or exchanging materials via a vesicle transport. Nonetheless, it is vital to note that the system does not include the chloroplasts and mitochondria membranes (Cooper, 2000). This paper seeks to discuss the statement that states, â€Å"Within almost all eukaryotic cells the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and endosomes can be considered as a system, cooperating to deliver secreted material to the cell surface.† To understand and discuss the above statement in greater length, one must understand the mechanisms and definitions of various terms. Some of these terms include: Golgi apparatus, eukaryotic cells, endosomes among others. Generally, the nuclear or atomic envelope is a layer with two lipid bilayers that envelops the substance of the core. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a blend and transport organelle that extends into the cytoplasm in both animal and plant cells (Cooper, 2000). The Golgi apparatus refers to an arrangement of numerous partitions where particles are bundled for conveyance to other cell segments or emission from the cell. Additionally, vacuoles, which are present in both animal cells, though it greatly manifests in plants, are in charge of keeping up the shape and structure of the cell. In addition, they put away waste items. A vesicle is a little, membrane-encased sac that acts as a storage and transportation agent for substances. The plasma membrane, likewise alluded to as the cell layer, is a defensive hindrance that controls what goes into and goes out of the cell. There is additionally an organelle known as the spitzenkorper that is just present in parasites and is associated with the development of the hyphae tip (Cooper, 2000). In prokaryotes, endomembrane is

Restructuring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Restructuring - Essay Example One of the essential steps the business should be prepared to take is to restructure. A need to restructure will not only come from financial problems, but it could be because of competition, change in market trends and demand, new market or need for a merger (Wang, 2010; Business Wales, 2014). Although this might be the only way out for a business to regain its competitive value, a poorly done restructuring process can end up causing more damage to the company than good. It is for this reason that planning is key for any business to be successful through the restricting process for example Starbucks and Twitter. The key steps that these companies took involved a diagnosis of their status, plan on the steps to take, and finally implemented the change (Bush, 2014). The important lesson in the case of Starbucks and Twitter is to understand when it is time to restructure and to have a well-prepared plan to carry out the process. Business Wales. (2014, February 5). Reorganisations, restructuring and other major changes. Retrieved from Business Wales:

Keith Haring works and his inspiration'' Research Paper

Keith Haring works and his inspiration'' - Research Paper Example He did great work in exalting the common place just as was a great ideal applied by Warhol in his works. His interests in the world of arts as well as the gay people made him shift for the city of New York in 1980. Among his first works of arts were graffiti along the streets, which were depictions of ‘imaginary’ animals as well as a ‘human on fours’. Nevertheless, his major exhibition would follow when he secured employment with Tony Shafrazi in a gallery in 1982. His journey into celebrity and wealth thrived within the 1980s when even Warhol among others became a staunch fan to his works. Modonna described Haring’s work as one of own kind with great awareness creation especially on world realities while exhibiting lots of innocence. However, his involvement in gay life saw his death through HIV and Aids in the late 20th century. He is celebrated for having practiced artwork even after diagnosis with HIV where he is said to have done it until he coul d no longer hold a brush or pencil firmly but much of his works centered around community awareness and sensitization on Aids as well as the rights to gays within the society1. Problem statement The above introduction reveals that Haring lived a relatively short live but was successful in living a fulfilled live in community awareness and advocacy. He lived to rise into great heights in celebrity world as well as amassing great wealth through his visual artwork. A great collection of the artist’s works is safely recorded and kept by his foundation ‘the Keith Haring foundation’ in collaboration with the ‘Art. Com’. For instance, a representation of a quotable Polaroid as presented by the art.com has one of Haring’s commentaries regarding the art of living where he reasons that one should never imitate life but on the contrary live as it is. He also ran various shops as outlets to his works of art as an attitude of populist attitude was central to his character and living. Besides, through a notable notoriety Haring did many graffiti along the city’s subways, which led him to rise amazingly within the visual art field in and around the city in 1980s. Among his great works of activism was the activism concerning drugs and substance among the young, nuclear weapons as well as the epidemic of Aids2. Haring developed great works of art through the primacy of ‘line’, and carried great determination on public art, which saw him, increase in efforts towards realizing his dreams. Experimentation of his artistic values were often done in the subways which he had adopted to do his drawings through chalk and through this, he received a lot of audience by commuters who would often engage him whenever they would meet him. The 1980’s saw him gain much attention both within the country as well as internationally where he actively participate in arts exhibitions, while in groups as well as a sole exhibitor3. How ever, despite the existence of great works of Haring on artwork, one would be concerned to understand what formed the great inspiration that drove Haring in his works. The foregoing discussion has not touched on the factors or issues that inspired Keith to do his visual art and this presents a problem, which this research intends to evaluate. There exists a lot of literature on the works and life of Haring and thus critical analysis has a potential of revealing the

Impact of World War 1 on Modernism

Impact of World War 1 on Modernism How would you describe the impact of the First World War on Modernist visual practices? The aesthetic phenomenon of Modernism, wide-reaching as that term is, can be historically defined as a period that began around 1860, with Manet generally accepted as the first Modernist painter, and came to an end around 1940 – although the murky cross-over between modernism and post-modernism, and the ubiquitous nature of both terms, means that some historians see Modernism stretching to the 1970s. The term applies retrospectively to a wide range of movements, including Futurism, Dada and Cubism, which broadly sought to distance themselves from the values and stylistics of Classicism. In a general aesthetic sense, modern art is often concerned with essential properties of the potential of colour and flatness, and over time a fading interest in subject matter can be witnessed. In fact, in a more specific sense, Modernism can be seen to refer not just to a style or styles of art, but to the philosophy of art as well. From a historical viewpoint, Modernism can be seen as the reaction of art – at least of the progressive artist – to the post-industrial world, a world in which the machine came to be as prominent and ubiquitous as man, and indeed it was in the largest European metropolises, where the tensions of social modernity were most prominent, that the earliest incarnations of Modernism in art appeared. However Modernism is a wide and watered down term, associated with a myriad of differing, and often opposing movements. What draws them together is that they respond to the same situations of the modern world, of the industrialisation of society and the cataclysmic watershed of the First World War. Christopher Witcombe talks of the period of enlightenment in the 18th century, which preceded the advent of Modernism: â€Å"Progressive 18th-century thinkers believed that the lot of humankind would be greatly improved through the process enlightenment, from being shown the truth. With reason and truth in hand, the individual would no longer be at the mercy of religious and secular authorities which had constructed their own truths and manipulated them to their own self-serving ends. At the root of this thinking is the belief in the perfectibility of humankind.†[1] According to Witcombe, the roots of modernism lie in the ideals of the Enlightenment, and this is where we can see the new roles of the artist begin to take shape. Essentially, the overarching goal of Modernism, of modern art, has been â€Å"the creation of a better society†[2]. But as we shall see, the moralistic idealism of the Enlightenment was not the preferred form for the Modernist movement, which was dragged through the mill of the industrial revolution, and, following hot on its heels, the First World War. There was a sense from the conservative modernists that the way forward was to be guided by existing institutions. The progressives, on the other hand were â€Å"critical of institutions as restrictive of individual liberty†[3]. In the 20th century, progressive modernism was thrust into the spotlight, leaving conservative modernism in its wake, with many people sceptical of its artistic merits. The conservative painters of the 19th century attempted to reflect and exemplify a kind of moral Christian virtue, and believed this to be a vital contribution from art to society – the representation of a model of social values to which everyone could aim. Conservative modernism, however, was looked down upon by progressives as an unambitious celebration of the values of the ruling class. Art, progressives argued, should be forward thinking, challenging, as well as socially responsible, whilst conservatives offered little more than a rosy re-hashing of the sepia past. So whilst the conservatives wished to continue existing institutions and favoured a gradual development, progressives criticised ruling institutions and searched for radical upheaval. In the first 10 years of the 20th century, a rapidly escalating political tension and a distrust of and anger toward the social order began to permeate much of European society. The socio-political evidence of this lies in the Russian Revolution and the prominence all over Europe of aggressive radicals. In the art community, this growing unease can be seen in the trend toward a radical simplification of previous stylistics, and in some cases, complete rejection of previous practice. Young painters such as Matisse and Picasso began to cause shockwaves with their embracing of non-traditional perspectives, a re-hauling of the rules of representation as an aesthetic theme, taking risks that even the Impressionists had not dared. At the heart of this new movement was an affection for disruption, and a progression away from Realism, and this began to give a new dimension to the term Modernism. Progressive Modernism was thrust into the spotlight, leaving conservative modernism in its wake, with many people sceptical of its artistic merits. The conservative painters of the 19th century attempted to reflect and exemplify a kind of moral Christian virtue, and believed this to be a vital contribution from art to society – the representation of a model of social values to which everyone could aim. Conservative modernism, however, was looked down upon by progressives as an unambitious celebration of the values of the ruling class. Art, progressives argued, should be forward thinking, challenging, as well as socially responsible, whilst conservatives offered little more than a rosy re-hashing of the sepia past. So whilst the conservatives wished to continue existing institutions and favoured a gradual development, progressives criticised ruling institutions and searched for radical upheaval. Whereas painters like Turner had been respected members of society’s greatest intelligentsia, seen as contributors to the greater good of society, the progressive Modernist saw the deification of traditional values and social structures as stifling, and therefore the artist took on a new persona, that of the righteous revolutionary, and we can see an example of this in the movement known as Futurism, a movement which had its own self-styled manifesto, published in Le Figaro, in an attempt to provoke, incite, and recruit the like-minded. Futurism, like much of 20th century Modernism, was based upon a rejection of the past, and this attitude came to the fore with progressives with the advent of World War One – which represented a cataclysmic failure of the conservative ideals of tradition. For many progressives, the Great War presented an almighty coming together of man and machine in the most morbid possible way, a futile mechanised massacre, which contrasted bitterly with the Modernist treatment of the role of the machine in beauty, and its faith in technology. This was clearly not the way to a healthier society. It has been said that World War One marked the failure of modern art, and a watershed for the emergence of the post-modern. The artistic community took it upon itself to lead the way, as it were, in the post-war society, given the catastrophic failure of many public institutions. After the war, there grew a kind of social vacuum, a sense that there was a lack of people and institutions to believe in. Many artists felt that it was therefore the responsibility of art to orient the collective social aspiration, to shape a new spirit in the wake of such destruction, and the delegitimisation of so many hopes and values. In this way, the Modernist art of the post-war era was at once ultimately moral, hopeful, and rooted in a deep social conscience, but also vividly subversive and challenging in its (many) aesthetic forms – like the best art, the best music, and the best literature, its moral heart lay in its readiness to challenge and confront the spectator. Characterised deeply by the residing antagonism of the industrial revolution, there came about a kind of collective conviction that traditions, institutions, and social frameworks were not perpetual, but rather that they were open to continuing re-evaluation and subjugation, and this attitude can be witnessed in Tristan Tzara’s movement Dada, which gave perhaps the most radical voice to the post-war Modernist. The Dadaists were not content to simply ‘make art’, they wanted to affect all corners of society, to take part in the revolutionary changes which were the inevitable result of the chaos after the War. The aims of the artist became to negate all social and aesthetic traditions, to make every work a new and marginal expression, and better to be bitterly divisive than quietly dormant. Moreover, every artistic manifestation was a form of didactic interaction with social and historical change. So the First World War represented a huge failure of the previous status quo, culminating in the most excruciating and fruitless deaths of millions across the world. A generation of young artists had witnessed men and boys, many at first-hand, perish defending slivers of earth. Machine warfare had become an accepted horror of reality: the dubious honours of war – valour, courage, and heroism, had been sourly debased by the impersonal brutality of the tank and the machine gun. In the face of such fundamentally unthinkable horror, the funds of Realism seemed to be empty, and the view that the human race had been steadily climbing some moral ladder toward enlightenment became utterly banal. As Christopher Witcombe says, â€Å"The First World War, at once, fused the harshly mechanical geometric rationality of technology, with the nightmarish irrationality of myth†[4]. And so in the 1920s and onward, Modernism became one of the defining movements of the era, whereas before it had been mostly a minority taste, its luminaries more heard of than heard. As a result of its new found prominence, the mood shifted towards a replacement of the older status quo with a base of new methods. Modernism began to reach prominence in Europe in such pertinent movements as Dada and Surrealism. The tendency under the umbrella of Modernism became to form separate movements and develop systems separate to each other – aside from Dada there was the International style of Bauhaus and Socialist Realism. By the 1930s, Modernism had entered the Jazz Age, and labels such as modern or hyper-modern† began to proliferate, and the term Modernism began to lose its resonance, like butter scraped across too much toast. After World War Two, consumer culture became the focus of the Modernist artist, as the focus shifted from the graphic, morbid horrors of the two Wars to the more palettable horrors of the popular culture invasion, and the aesthetic outrage of post-war modernism came to be replaced by an aesthetic of sanction. This combination of consumer and modernist cultures led to a total overhaul of the meaning of the term modernism, and can be seen as the beginning of the contemporary form of Postmodernism, replete with its self-referential fixation – as the lines between elite culture and consumer culture had become blurred, and a movement based on the rejection of tradition had become a tradition itself. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Arnason, H. H., History of Modern Art New York: Harry N. Abrams, 4th edition, 1998 Atkins, Robert. ArtSpoke: A Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1848-1944. New York: Abbeville Press, 1993 Chipp, Herschel B. Theories of Modern Art Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968 and 1989 Malcolm Bradbury, Modernism 1890-1930, London: Penguin, 1991 Christopher Witcombe, What is Art?, http://witcombe.sbc.edu/modernism/artsake.html, 2000 [1] Christopher Witcombe, What is Art?, http://witcombe.sbc.edu/modernism/artsake.html, 2000 [2] Christopher Witcombe, What Is Art? [3] Christopher Witcombe, What Is Art? [4] Christopher Witcombe, What is Art?

My Philosophy of Life Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I can remember as a child always asking myself the â€Å"why† questions of life. What is the purpose of life? Why are we here? What is the purpose of life? Why do certain things happen? And is there really a God? I had always kept these questions to myself and eventually pushed them out of my mind altogether. I was raised in a Christian household and you just were not allowed to ask questions of that nature and doubt the faith. The world is the way it is because God made it that way and that is all there is to it. I was really excited to take this class because it would finally give me the opportunity to exercise my personal thoughts and beliefs. I have come to agree with Socrates that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living.† In my opinion life is a combination of philosophical ideas such as morality, respect, free-will and scientific issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study of philosophy is a very complex and complicated task. There are so many different questions on many different topics and philosophy tries to explain them all. It tries to provide answers to the many questions that science and religion cannot explain. And from this it urges you to think about issues that may otherwise be ignored.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I agree with the goal of autonomy, that philosophy is having the freedom to make your own decisions and beliefs by using your own reasoning capabilities. I believe that we all have the God-like quality of reasoning ...

Top 5 Social Networking Site †Taiwan

Top 5 Social Networking Site – Taiwan Mobile phone and social networking site – market research Researcher Name: Sam Ng Date: 5 August 2011 1|Page Social Networking Site No. 1 – (Facebook) 1. How many users are there on the site? In Taiwan, there are approximately 10,192,740 audiences (http://www. checkfacebook. com/) 2. How many active users are there? Facebook said it hit 9 million monthly active users in Taiwan in January 2011. (http://www. clickz. asia/2334/facebook-gains-popularity-in-taiwan) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? According to the static of the Taiwan Network Information Center, 91. % users use non-mobile access the network. (http://www. twnic. net. tw/) 10,192,740 times 91. 1% = 928. 6 millions 4. How many users access the site via their mobile According to the static of the Taiwan Network Information Center, 8. 9% users use mobile access the network. (http://www. twnic. net. tw/). 10,192,740 times 8. 9% = 907,153 5. Is there an â €˜app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Yes. It has both mobile app and mobile site. (http://zh-hk. facebook. com/mobile/? v=texts) 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Sex: female 49. 2% and male 50. % Age: 25 – 34 is 37. 0% 18 – 24 is 28. 5% 35 – 44 is 14. 6% 14 – 17 is 11. 5% To view country information, please check at http://www. checkfacebook. com/ 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) The main features include Daily status updates, news feed, like page, Easter eggs, message and inbox. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Facebook_features) 2|Page 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) We can pay for virtual gift and virtual goods. http://www. facebook. com/payments_terms/) 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Empires & Allies by Zynga, Happy Farm, City ville (http://apps. facebook. com/silvergames/). 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? paypal, credit card, MyCard, mobile phone, Bank transfer, Western Union QuickPay, Easecard, Gamania GASH GASH/BeanFun Member Account, Gamania GASH – Card Redemption, DaoPay. (http://www. facebook. com/payments_terms/)Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Not applicable 3|Page Social Networking Site No. 2 – (Wretch. cc) 1. How many users are there on the site? The official site said they have 10,282,840 visitors per month. (http://tw. emarketing. yahoo. com/wretch/superior/wretch/wretch_01. php? menu_tree=A&menu_sub_tree=a) 2. How many active users are there? According to the online statistic, it has 4. 4 million daily visitors. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/input/? i=Wretch. cc) 3. How many users access the site via their pc?With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4. 4 million times 91. 1% = 4 million daily visitors) access the site via PCs. 4. How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4. 4 million times 8. 9% = 0. 39 million daily visitors) access the site via mobiles. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ It has a mobile site (tw. m. wretch. yahoo. com) and some mobile apps. (http://itunes. apple. com/hk/app/wretchcam/id407676372? mt=8) 6. Who are the main audience?Demographics (age, gender, country) Based on internet averages, wretch. cc is visited more frequently by females who are in the age range 35-44, have no children, have no college education and browse this site from school. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/wretch. cc) According to the online statistics, 90. 7% of the visitors are located at Taiwan a nd 2. 5% are located at Hong Kong. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/wretch. cc) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) The main features are blog, album and message board.The users can also exchange name cards and add friends in the site. 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) Album: increase album storage, no ad, album background music, online photo rotation, customize album list title, recover deleted album, maximize album title length Blog: increase folder number, increase catalog number, increase links number, increase maximum reply number, blog background music, friend protection Friend: increase maximum friend number, customize friend page title, ncrease friend catalog number 4|Page Media: increase catalog number, increase reply number, increase favorite video number, customize video page title Profile: customize background music, visit counter Message board: increase message number, no ad, visit counter, customize title, use album music, comment alert http://bill. wretch. cc/function. php 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Not applicable 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. c? It supports ATM transfer, credit card and paying at 7-11 http://help. cc. tw. yahoo. com/cp_info. html? id=1213. Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Wretch is the largest multimedia database in Taiwan – as of the beginning of 2010, there are 3. 5 billion photos, 500 million blog postings, and 15 million video clips. (internal statistics) Each and every day, the users would submit more than 5 million photos to the Wretch. (internal statistics) (http://www. wretch. cc/blog/ycorpblog/11345185). 5|Page Social Networking Site N o. 3 – Gamer. com. tw) 1. How many users are there on the site? The official site said they have 2,500,000 users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/) 2. How many active users are there? The official site said they have 1,500,000 active users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/) According to the online statistic, they have 1. 4 million daily visitors. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/entities/web_domains/gamer. com. tw/5s/ci/ql/) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (2,500,000 times 91. 1% = 2277500) access the site via PCs. . How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (2,500,000 times 8. 9% = 222500) access the site via mobiles.. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Not applicable 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Gender: Male 78% and Female 22% Age: 16 – 2 0 is 38% 21 – 25 is 29% 26 – 30 is 16% Country: 96% Taiwan people. The official site also provides the job and education statistic of the users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/userall. html) 7.What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) This site provide game information, blog and forum, E-card and computer graphic gallery. (http://acg. gamer. com. tw/wikimenu. php? s=13710) 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) They do not charge any money from the users. However, the users can earn virtual money by posting in the forum and reply others’ questions. The virtual money can be used to buy gifts and play games. (http://wiki2. gamer. com. w/wiki. php? n=13710%3A%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E5%80%BC%E5%92%8C %E5%B7%B4%E5%B9%A3&ss=13710) 6|Page 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress furt her within the game? Provide some examples. They provide different kind of games such as â€Å"Magic School† (online RPC), â€Å"Troubled Times in China† (online RPC) and Monopoly. (http://acg. gamer. com. tw/apiList. php? s=12) 10 What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? Not applicable xt. Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site.Not applicable 7|Page Social Networking Site No. 4 – (Eyny. com) 1. How many users are there on the site? There are approximately 4,000,000 users on the site. (http://evchk. wikia. com/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96%E5%8D%80) 2. How many active users are there? Based on the online statistics, the number of daily pageviews is 4,910,809 and the number of daily visitors is 316,695. (http://webinformation. co/www. eyny. com) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4,000 ,000 times 91. 1% = 3644000) access the site via PCs.. . How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4,000,000 times 8. 9% = 356000) access the site via mobiles.. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Not applicable. 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Age: 18 – 24 is the most represented at eyny. com Gender: the ratio of male and female is fifty-fifty. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/eyny. com) Country: Taiwan 85. 8% and Hong Kong 7. 0% (http://www. websitelooker. com/www/eyny. com) 7.What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) Forum, blog, Wikipedia and share video 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) Unlimited picture view, unlimited downloading attachments, unlimited search funct ion and unlimited in-site message. (http://www07. eyny. com/thread-224266-1-1. html) 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Not applicable. |Page 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? Bank Transfer (ATM, online banking, pay in banks) and cheque (mail to the office). (http://www07. eyny. com/thread-224266-1-1. html) Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Maximum online user is 24287. (http://evchk. wikia. com/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96%E5%8D%80) Alexa Traffic Rank 7 in Taiwan, Rank 31 in Macao, Rank 65 in Hong Kong (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/eyny. com) Social Networking Site No. 5 (PIXNET) . How many users are there on the site? Not applicable. 2. How many active users are there? According to the online statistics, the number of daily page views is around 8. 5 million and the number of daily visitors is around 2. 4 million. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/input/? i=www. pixnet. net) . 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, around 91. 1% users access the site via PCs. 4. How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, around 8. 9% users access the site via Mobiles. 5.Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ It has a mobile app (http://cn. androidzoom. com/android_applications/social/pixnet-mobile-controlpanel_lfrv. html) and a mobile site. (http://m. pixnet. net/) 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Age: 25 – 34 and 45 to 54 year olds are the most similar to the general internet population Gender: male is slightly more than female. Country: 80. 9% Taiwan, 6. 6% Hong Kong, 2. 6% China and 2. 3% United States (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/pixnet. net) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? daily status updates, games, avatars? ) Album, blog, message board, exchange name card. 9|Page 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) The site provides the following features that we have to pay for: – increase monthly upload size (not included video) and unlimited video upload – choose blog domain name – unlimited album back up – unlimited visitor tracking – album folder management (add, move and delete) – more RSS subscriptions – the latest month blog statistic (https://bill. pixnet. tw/vip/vipnew) . Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Chinese Dragon (flash game), Happy Farm (social game), Pocket Monster (webpage game) (http://pixnet. gamebase. com. tw/) 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? ATM transfer, 7-11 ibon payment, credit card online payment and mobile phone Micro Payment (http://help. pixnet. tw/index/qa? faq_id=95). Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Not applicable. 10 | P a g e

Rogue Waves Essay Example

Rogue Waves Essay Example Rogue Waves Essay Rogue Waves Essay For centuries. seamans have spread narratives about elephantine sudden moving ridges which appeared out of nowhere without warning which were strong plenty to turtle even the mightiest and largest ships. Several vessels- such as the S. S. Waratah. the M. S. Munchen. and the S. S. Edmund Fitzgerald- were wholly rumored to hold been sunk by knave moving ridges ( Walsh par. 3 ) . Further. knave moving ridges have been blamed for rending the bow off of a Norse bottom near the tip of South Africa in 1974. about turtling the Queen Elizabeth in 1942 off the seashore of Greenland. striking the Queen Elizabeth H in 1995. and for drenching military aircraft bearers and rupturing oilers in half ( McDonald A21 ) . These moving ridges have besides been immortalized in popular civilization. as evidenced by the 1972 movie The Poseidon Adventure and its 2006 remaking Poseidon. These immense moving ridges are called knave waves- or monster or freak waves- and can be encountered during bad conditions storms or even in unagitated seas. but the cardinal facet is that they appear with small warning. The biggest job is the deficiency of scientific informations from shipboard measurings of such moving ridges because of their leaning to look rapidly and without warning. Rogue moving ridges can besides vanish every bit rapidly as they form. Scientists have been analyzing the formation and features of knave moving ridges with the end of making an accurate anticipation and sensing method to extenuate the possible harm of these moving ridges. By and large. ocean moving ridges are created by random force per unit area fluctuations in the turbulent air current †¦ [ and ] reinforced in a feedback procedure that involves the air flow over the wavy surface that creates a wave’s crests and troughs which travel at the wave’s stage velocity ( Garrett A ; Gemmrich 62 ) . In other words. moving ridges are created when the air current produces a rippling across the surface of a organic structure of H2O that increases with the wind’s strength and velocity. Waves can besides interact with currents. ocean floors. and coastal characteristics of shallow Waterss ( Wallace par. ) . Initial moving ridges are comparatively short and succumb to weave force per unit area ; nevertheless. interactions between multiple moving ridges have the potency to reassign energy into making longer and faster 1s. As the air current additions in strength and continuance. waves become larger and longer and the fluctuations in differe nt wavelengths produce the visual aspect of a turbulent and unsmooth sea. Waves tend to go at the group speed- defined as half the stage velocity for all but the shortest waves ( Garrett A ; Gemmrich 62 ) . Hurricanes can increase the wave elaboration to a few narratives ; nevertheless. knave moving ridges can be every bit high as 10 narratives. Consequently. knave moving ridges occur when a regular moving ridge exceed [ s ] the environing moving ridges by a certain proportion ( Perkins 328 ) . The footing for comparing is important wave height- an oceanographic parametric quantity calculated by taking the norm of the tallest tierce of the moving ridges in a peculiar spot of ocean ( Perkins 328 ) . Consequently. scientists classify a moving ridge as a knave if it is 2. 2 times every bit tall as the important moving ridge height ( Perkins 328 ) . Rogue moving ridges can run from 20-foot moving ridges which all of a sudden appear in two- to three-foot breaker as was the instance in Daytona Beach. Florida in 1992 to over-100-foot moving ridges during a nor’easter with 20-foot crestless waves ( McDonald A21 ) . Basically. knave moving ridges are those moving ridges which don’t fit the pattern ( McDonald A21 ) . Rogue waves besides differ from regular moving ridges in their form. Whereas regular moving ridges have the approximative form of a smoothly curving sine wave . knave waves’ profiles are more divergent from this sine wave with much higher crests and deeper troughs which have been described as mountains of water and holes in the sea ( Perkins 328 ) . Some seamans who have experienced knave moving ridges describe these troughs as siting a down lift. Further. knave moving ridges differ from tsunamis and tidal moving ridges in that the latter are both highly rare cases which are caused by an temblor. volcanic eruptions. or landslide which displaces a big volume of H2O. therefore making a individual big moving ridge whereas rogue moving ridges are more of a more regular and cardinal belongings of the sea ( BBC par. 8 ; McDonald A21 ) . Furthermore. tsunamis are comparatively little moving ridges in tallness but long in length whereas rogue moving ridges are extraordinarily tall. Rogue moving ridges are peculiarly outstanding off the southern seashore of South Africa in the fanciful boundary between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on the border of the Agulhas Current where one’s opportunity of meeting a knave moving ridge is estimated at approximately 3. 1 % per hr ( Perkins 328 ) . These Waterss are non merely geographically complicated but besides extremely dynamic in that the current flows from the nor-east while predominating air currents in the country blow from the sou-west ( Perkins 328 ) . This resistance creates air currents striking the faces of tall. current-driven moving ridges. therefore increasing their tallness. However. knave moving ridges are besides outstanding in South America despite drastic differences in sea conditions at that place. Datas from the part suggest that knave moving ridges can besides happen in comparatively unagitated seas. Researchers found knave moving ridges when the important moving ridge tallness was 12 metres every bit good as when it was merely 50 centimetres ( Perkins 329 ) . In add-on to South Africa and South America. scientists have determined that knave moving ridges are besides more likely in Norway and parts of the Pacific Ocean ( BBC par. ) . Scientists used to believe that knave moving ridges could look at any peculiar country of ocean merely one time every several millenary ; nevertheless. recent oceanographic informations suggest these moving ridges are far more common than originally believed ( Perkins 328 ) . Early scientific theoretical accounts suggested that any peculiar topographic point in any ocean should meet a knave moving ridge about every 10 . 000 old ages or so ; nevertheless. as mentioned. emerging informations suggests that these moving ridges occur far more often ( Perkins 328 ) . Datas obtained in 1995 by a North Sea oil rig recorded an 84-foot-high ( 25. 6 metres ) wave that appeared out of nowhere while in 2000 a British oceanographic vas recorded a 95-foot-high ( 29 metres ) off the seashore of Scotland. therefore giving acceptance to these sailors’ narratives ( Walsh par. 4 ) . Similar informations obtained by the European Space Agency in 2004 in its MaxWave undertaking that utilized satellite informations to exemplify 10+-story high knave moving ridges further confirmed their being ( Walsh par. ) . Further. informations obtained by Dr. Wolfgang Rosenthal of Germany’s GKSS Research Centre suggests that every bit many as 10 knave moving ridges exist across the world’s oceans at any one clip ( Wallace par. 5 ) . Underestimate of knave waves’ frequence in the scientific community was a direct consequence of the given that existent ocean moving ridges behave the same as mathematically ideal moving ridges defined by the rule of addi tive superposition ( Perkins 329 ) . In other words. the premise was that if two conjectural one-meter-tall moving ridges crossed each other’s way they would briefly organize a two-meter-tall moving ridge ; nevertheless. in world these moving ridges typically join to make a moving ridge which is larger than the amount of its parts ( Perkins 329 ) . Intensifying the job is that while big moving ridges have been recreated in armored combat vehicles of H2O to come close knave moving ridges. set uping a cosmopolitan mathematical equation that describes their formation. form. and velocity is rather hard. Possibly the closest success was the application of nonlinear Schrodinger equations by mathematician Howell Peregrine in 1983 that demonstrated that pulselike moving ridges called Peregrine solitary waves can start out of sine moving ridges under certain conditions ( Powell 12 ) . Peregrine’s application of mathematics to ocean moving ridges has demonstrated how the air current could bring forth certain transitions in unfastened Waterss which could bring forth rogue moving ridges and has opened a new door of research for physicists and oceanographers. Granted. fortunes in a carefully-controlled lab experiment are different than in nature ; nevertheless. Peregrine’s formulaic applications have important promise for future survey. Since 2009 scientists from Harvard University and Tulane University have been analyzing forms of microwaves- instead of H2O waves- in the hope of better understanding how rogue moving ridges may originate by making a laboratory-based metal platform that measures about 10 inches by 14 inches and which contains around 60 little brass cones to mime the consequence of unexpected ocean Eddies in the current ( Walsh par. ) . Consequently. when microwaves are directed at the platform. hot musca volitanss emerged which represent the microwave equivalent of knave moving ridges. Further. these hot musca volitanss appeared every bit many as 100 times more often than former moving ridge theory would hold predicted. therefore bespeaking that knave moving ridges are far more common than one time believed and imparting greater account as to why a big figure of big ships sink in the absence of inclement conditions ( Walsh par. 7 ) . Despite a current deficiency of accurate anticipation of knave moving ridges. new and advanced mathematical analyses have proved successful in showing how some rogue moving ridges form. every bit good as how long they last before dispersing. by showing that knave moving ridges both signifier and withdraw more readily than both past research and Marine traditional knowledge had once indicated ( Perkins 328 ) . Consequently. scientists have grasped a better apprehension of how to really break predict where such moving ridges may look. One scientific mechanism which has assisted current research is the Benjamin-Feir ( BF ) instability. discovered in the sixtiess. that attempted to make a absolutely regular series of moving ridges in a moving ridge armored combat vehicle under the hypothesis that a regular series of moving ridges will ever go irregular and some moving ridges will be higher than others ( Garrett A ; Gemmrich 63 ) . Application of the BF instability provides one theory to explicate the being of knave moving ridges ; nevertheless. such an account is non across-the-board and lone histories for a little part of occasional knave moving ridges.

British Airways Essay Example

British Airways Essay Example British Airways Essay British Airways Essay Date| Event| Source| May 12, 2011| BA on the up after dispute dealBritish Airways has achieved a victory, albeit, at a considerable cost, that should stand it in good stead after cabin crew backed a deal to end the longest and most bitter dispute in the transport sector for years. Union had achieved an â€Å"honourable settlement† and pledged to work in a â€Å"spirit of partnership† to repair damage to the airline’s brand. Keith Williams, BA’s recently appointed chief executive, for being â€Å"strong, brave and courageous† in reaching the agreement. The settlement includes a two-year pay deal worth up to 7. per cent. It comprises an inflation-linked rise of up to 4 per cent this year, including 1. 1 per cent dependent on productivity savings, and 3. 5 per cent next, including 0. 5 per cent dependent on savings. The dispute started over cost-cutting but developed into a row over travel concessions removed from Unite members who went on strike, as w ell as suspensions and dismissals. The union was powerless to stop the original cause of the dispute – 1,700 full-time job losses among cabin crew as BA removed at least one crew member from most long-haul flights, saving ? 3m a year. It has also hired 700 new crew in its so called â€Å"mixed fleet† on certain routes, earning ? 17,000 a year on average compared with ? 29,000 for existing Heathrow cabin crew. That programme should yield ? 160m annual savings within a decade. â€Å"I think there is no question that it is a victory for British Airways but it comes at a cost,† said Douglas McNeill, at Charles Stanley Securities. Andrew Lobbenberg at RBS said â€Å"the economics of the dispute were won by BA about nine months ago† and it had gained â€Å"the credibility of being firm†. | Unread (Ft. om)Public View, Banks| May 12, 2011| Union welcomes BA deal that avoids humiliationUnion officials accused the company of â€Å"holding a gun† to th e heads of staff and in December that year, cabin crew announced a 12-day strike over Christmas after a 9-1 vote in favour of industrial action. High Court ruled that the strike could not go ahead because Unite had balloted hundreds of members who had subsequently left the company. March last year that the first three-day strike began after a second ballot. There were 22 days of strikes in total last spring, costing the airline an estimated ? 150m but BA managed to keep most of its customers flying. Some blamed Mr Walsh’s intransigence for prolonging the dispute but analysts praised him for preparing well. The airline had enough cash to fight a long battle and used a volunteer workforce, as well as aircraft hired from other airlines, to keep flights going. There was relief among Unite’s cabin crew members on Thursday that a formula had been found to end the dispute without more humiliation. An agreement come to reject by Bassa, Unite’s main cabin crew branch, this is due to the Mr Walsh said Unite had a â€Å"dysfunctional† relationship with Bassa, which operates largely autonomous. | Unread (Ft. om)Union views AND Cabin crew views| 14 May 2011 | BA workers vote to ballot on new dealOver 500 union members gathered for a mass meeting about the deal in West London today. Best summed up by one worker who said, The press and BA have damned us. But we have come out on top- they should say that. There will also be a pay increase totalling 7. 5 percent over two years- 4 percent this year, backdated, and 3. 5 percent next year. It is unclear whether there are productivity requirements attached. Management has also agreed that there will be no unilateral imposition of any new terms and conditions without full negotiations with the union. But a thread of uncertainty ran through the contributions from cabin crew during and after the meeting. Unite general secretary Len McCluskey told the meeting the sackings were nonsensical. But the agreement does not include the full reinstatement of the sacked staff. Mc Cluskey said, All it agrees to is binding arbitration. And those who have already been through an employment tribunal and are waiting for results,and dealt separately. McCluskeys only reference to this was to say, Change is with us. There is no point rejecting change, we have to embrace it. He also described a change within management psyche. It is no surprise that this psychobabble left crew feeling unsettled. McCluskey said the union would be making a strong recommendation that members accept it, and that he was very confident they would. Another expressed concern over the way in which the union was trying to push a deal on crew rather than allow an open discussion about pros and cons. Many asked how Bassa would su rvive when the mixed fleet remained and new starters were all employed on worse conditions. Nearly two years of a media witch-hunt and abuse from BA, it is no surprise that many cabin crew feel relieved to have a deal. Furthermore, Solidarity, something cabin crew have fought hard for, cannot be dropped now. Allowing BA to employ workers on worse terms will weaken the position of the union. According to the Bassa members, they are willing to fight in 5ballots as in But no deal should be agreed without the reinstatement of every sacked worker, and without the issue of new starters being resolved. Union said it will not call for more strike dates. | Unread ( Socialist Worker Online. A revolutionary anti-capitalist paper I Britain)Cabin crews view Union view | 12 May 2011 * | BA and union agree to end disputeBritish Airways and the Unite union have reached an agreement to settle their long-running industrial dispute. Unite general secretary Len McCluskey said, We always said that this dispute could only be settled by negotiation, not by confrontation or litigation. And so it h as proved, he said. I am particularly pleased that travel concessions will be restored. The union said BA had agreed to restore travel concessions to staff who went on strike and award a two-year pay deal worth up to 7. %. Under the pay deal, staff will get up to a 4% rise this year and 3. 5% next year. The awards are linked to proposed productivity changes, but the exact details are not known at this stage. BA said: On behalf of our customers, we are very pleased the threat of industrial action has been lifted and that we have reached a point where we can put this dispute behind us. Our agreement with Unite involves acknowledgement by the union that the cost-saving structural changes we have made in cabin crew operations are permanent. We have also agreed changes that will modernise our crew industrial relations and help ensure that this kind of dispute cannot occur again, the airline said. A recent change of leadership at both British Airways and Unite was seen to have given fresh impetus to a desire to reach agreement. Mr Duncan Holley, who was one of those sacked by the airline during the dispute, said the airline had taken some brave steps, and the union should match those brave steps. He said, a wind of change at BA under new chief executive, Keith Williams. The dispute began in 2009 over cost cutting but became bogged down over the loss of travel perks to striking staff and the dismissal of some employees who joined the industrial action. The strikes have resulted in travel chaos for hundreds of thousands of passengers and the bill for the disruption caused to BA has been estimated to be ? 150m. BAs years of industrial turbulence2009 * Oct 6: BA announces 1,700 cabin crew job cuts and pay freeze2010 * Mar 20: Start of 3-day strike, with dispute inflamed by BA decision to withdraw perks. * April: More strikes follow over the busy Easter period * May 17: BA wins injunction against further strikes after peace talks collapse * May 20: Unite wins appeal and strikes back on * May 22: Talks to avert walkouts end in disarray after demonstrators storm building, and chief executive Willie Walsh escorted away for protection * June: More strikes take total days lost to 22 * July 20: Cabin crew reject new offer * July 31: It emerges that more than 80 cabin crew have been suspended and 13 sacked because of incidents related to the dispute2011 * Jan 21: Cabin crew vote for fresh strikes, but action halted by new legal wrangling * Mar 28: Cabin crew vote by a ratio of 8-1 for strikes in new ballot * May 12: BA and Unite agree deal to avert further strikes| Unread (BBC news Business)Union viewsBA management viewsCabin crew views| 12 May 2011| BA and Unite reach deal to end cabin crew strikesUnion members to vote on settlement with British Airways that restores travel privileges and takes sac kings into arbitration. The deal is being put to a mass meeting of Unite members near Heathrow airport and is expected to be recommended for acceptance in a ballot. The deal will end 18 months of hostilities that included 22 days of walkouts. It includes the restoration of travel concessions for cabin crew, the issue that was holding up a settlement. McCluskey said: We always said that this dispute could only be settled by negotiation, not by confrontation or litigation. And so it has proved. We are delighted to have reached an agreement which I believe recognises the rights and dignity of cabin crew as well as the commercial requirements of the company. This agreement will allow us to go forward in partnership together to strengthen this great British company – good news for BA, its employees and its customers alike. I am particularly pleased that staff travel concessions will be restored in full with the signing of the agreement and the implementation of the new structure for working together that we have negotiated. A customer-oriented business can only succeed with all its employees valued and respected. A BA spokesman said: We have a lso agreed changes that will modernise our crew industrial relations and help ensure that this kind of dispute cannot occur again. Our agreement with Unite involves acknowledgement by the union that the cost-saving structural changes we have made in cabin crew operations are permanent. Two previous peace agreements were scrapped after Unite declined to recommend them because of concerns over sanctions against crew members who took part in strikes last year. It is understood the agreement restores staff travel perks stripped from thousands of crew who took part in the strikes, as well as allowing arbitration of the dozens of disciplinary cases – including sackings – that were linked to the dispute. BAs worst ever industrial relations dispute began in 2009 when the airline unilaterally reduced staffing levels on long-haul flights after a voluntary redundancy programme. Unite launched a strike ballot in protest at the cuts and the lack of consultation, triggering a year of high court hearings, strike votes and walkouts. In a bizarre interlude in the peace talks between Walsh and Woodley last year, members of the Socialist Workers party broke into discussions at the Acas conciliation service. | Unread (The guardian)Union ViewsBA management views| 2 May 2011| Unite to vote on deal to end BA disputeThe British Airways cabin crew union has voted almost unanimously to back a deal to end the longest and most bitter confrontation in the transport industry for years. Staff travel concessions, which had been removed from workers who went on strike last year, will be restored once the deal has finally been accepted. Disciplinary cases against dozens of Unite members arising from the dispute will be put to binding arbitration under the auspices of Acas, the conciliation service. The change in the leadership on each side gave fresh impetus to moves to resolve the dispute, leading to a fresh round of talks in recent weeks. For the first time, representatives of Bassa, a branch of the Transport ; General Worker’s Union, were involved. Mr McCluskey said: â€Å"There is a change within the management psyche at British Airways driven by the chief executive. If we embrace this we are confident that the future will look good. ’’ He said: the underlying reason had been a â€Å"deep sense of grievance† that cabin crew were not being respected. He was it was not a matter of winners or losers. But he told members they could be proud of showing â€Å"the type of union solidarity that is absolutely astounding†. | Unread (Ft. com)Union views| 11 May 2011| BA and Unite union move closer to ending cabin crew disputeAgreement comes after nearly 18 months of hostilities, including 22 days of walkouts, and will be debated by BA crew at Unite meeting near Heathrow airport. Bassa, Unites main cabin rew branch, said in email to members: The talks have now concluded to the satisfaction of both parties. If the branch agrees, the negotiated settlement will be put to the full membership in a postal ballot. Br itish Airways and the Unite trade union have taken a significant step towards ending a long-running dispute with cabin crew after agreeing a peace deal on Wednesday. | Unread (The guardian)Union views| 11 May 2011| BBC News BA strike: Hopes rise for end to cabin crew disputeThe long-running dispute between British Airways and some of its cabin crew may be close to being resolved. An offer will be put to a meeting of members at Heathrow on Thursday. If members endorse it with a show of hands, they will be formally balloted. A spokesman for Bassa, the British Airways cabin crew union which is a branch of the Unite union, confirmed that talks have now concluded to the satisfaction of both parties. Talks between the two sides have been going on for weeks. They began in March when cabin crew voted in favour of a further round of industrial action. The union held back from announcing dates pending negotiations. | Unread (BBC news Business)Union views| 27 April 2010| Reject BA offer, Unite urges crewThe union representing British Airways cabin crew has said it will strongly recommend that its members reject the latest offer from the airline. Talks between the two parties failed to reach agreement, so the Unite union will now ballot members on the offer. Unite said it would not announce strike dates at this stage. The blame for this rests exclusively with an intransigent management which is determined to attack trade unionism and persecute its employees who supported the strike action last month, said Unites j oint general secretary Tony Woodley. Mr Woodley accused BA of victimising cabin crew who had their travel perks taken away after the strike, and of taking vindictive and disproportionate disciplinary action against it members. BA said it was extremely disappointed that Unite was urging its members to reject our latest offer and apparently preparing for a further strike shortly after the general election campaign. The airline accused the union of showing callous disregard for passengers. It said the offer put to Unite was fair. BA can ill afford further disruption after seven days of strikes last month, which it says cost the airline up to ? 45m, and the disruption to flights caused by volcanic ash thrown into the atmosphere by an Icelandic volcano earlier this month. The airline is expected to announce the biggest loss in its privatised history when it reports its annual results later this year. Last year it lost more than ? 400m. | Unread (BBC news Business)Union viewsBA management views| 21 November 2010| Unite chooses McCluskey as leaderLen McCluskey has been elected leader of the UKs biggest trade union, Unite. His win, with 101,000 votes, will see him take over from joint general secretaries Tony Woodley and Derek Simpson who have been in post since the union formed in 2007. His win, with 101,000 votes, will see him take over from joint general secretaries Tony Woodley and Derek Simpson who have been in post since the union formed in 2007. He said: My first task now will be to bring our union together and unite it in a campaign against the devastation the Government is unleashing against working people and their communities throughout the land. He was closely involved with a dispute between British Airways and its cabin crew which resulted in a series of strikes. Also briefly some of the successful jobs experienced in his historical of life. He later became Unites assistant general secretary for industrial strategy. He has been a member of the Labour Party for 39 years. Unite has more than 1. 4m members and was formed by the merger between two of Britains leading unions, the Transport and General Workers Union and Amicus. | Unread (BBC news Business)Union views| 24 November 2010| Unite pledges alliance of resistanceLen McCluskey, the newly elected leader of Unite, Britains biggest trade union, today put himself and his union at the forefront of an alliance of resistance that he promised would rock the establishment and force the coalition government to step back from its plans to decimate the very fabric of the welfare state. He also claimed that an anger was building up in the country that surpassed the era of the poll tax demonstrations and claimed there was a very, very real possibility that the Liberal Democrats would implode as a party. In an interview with the Guardian he promised he would not be cowering in the corner, but instead would be shouting from the rooftops to force the coalition government to stop its cuts. He went on: I am not interested in subtlety. I understand what is happening to ordinary working people – their jobs are being lost, their families and the future of their children are being threatened, their houses are being repossessed and they are looking around for someone to give them help. There is an anger building up the likes of which we have not seen in our country since the poll tax. I can feel something stronger than that building so it is the responsibility of the trades unions more than anyone else to give some guidance to that anger and put it in a manner that will hopefully make the government take a step back. He insisted he would not be rushing ahead of his troops. We have got to make people believe that people power can do anything because that is what the history of our movement tells us and indeed that is what the history of the world tells us. Quotes the examples: [Nelson] Mandela may have taken that position over the laws of apartheid and [Mahatma] Gandhi may have taken that position over the laws of colonialism and imperialism, and the Suffragettes might have said we do not accept the law of the land. So I do not think we should get hung up in this belief certainly as trade union leaders that the law is given down from Mount Sinai and we cannot challenge it. . In addition, I have got no intention of playing the bosses game of being dragged into cul-de-sacs and courts, and having to be fined by courts with our members money. He is planning a series of conferences and tracking polls to check his memberships views. There are good people in the Liberal Democrats who have long been on the side of decency and justice. A lot of them are deeply dissatisfied, and if we build our resistance, and that may bring pressure to bear inside their party. The people we have to influence are the Liberal Democrats. We have got to start putting pressure on politicians particularly the Liberal Democrats; they have to be held accountable for what they have done there. They have tried to give the impression this would be a government of consensus but where is the consensus? | Unread (The guardian)Union view on protecting human rights| 4 March 2011| Unions hail court strike rulingTwo rail unions have welcomed a court ruling that prevents minor mistakes in balloting being used to halt strikes. Examples cases happening in two rail union. Trade union leaders called the ruling a major step for industrial freedom. Two strikes that were planned separately by the RMT on Londons Docklands Light Railway and by Aslef on London Midland were halted in the courts because of what were seen as technicalities. In the Aslef dispute, an overwhelming yes vote was set aside, because the employer objected to two ballot papers that had been sent to two members who were not entitled to take part. The court said in future that the information should be as accurate as was reasonably practicable and that allowances should be made for small accidental failures in administration. Richard Arthur, from the law firm Thompsons, who acted in the case, said the were a major victory for the union movement. Theres been a series of cases over the last 18 months to two years where employers have found it easier to get injunctions and the way the legislation has been interpreted by the courts has been ever more restrictive, he said. This case redresses that balance and interprets the legislation in the way its supposed to be interpreted. Keith Norman, Aslefs general secretary, said it had been almost impossible to take legal strike action in the UK. If the employer could find the tiniest discrepancy, the courts would find in the employers favour, he said. Bob Crow, leader of the RMT, called the result a massive victory and said it paved the way for millions of members to take action over cuts to jobs and services in the coming months. Unread (BBC news Business)Rails Union view Rails Union view| 28 January 2011| A tsunami of resistanceThe Trades Union Congress meets today to decide how it will respond to government spending cuts. Last September, it voted to organise co-ordinated resistance to these cuts. Since then, it has been educating its members and the public about the scale and detrimental impact of the cuts on public services and the economy at large. Now, it has to turn to the issue of mobilising opposition. It is organising what it hopes will be a massive demonstration on 26 March. And while t his will be an important barometer of whether there is support for resistance, the crucial issue is whether or not the unions can organise co-ordinated strike action – which is effective. Governments can ignore one-off demos but not action that stops services and the economy. What is co-ordinated strike action? It is unions organising separate industrial disputes so that workers in different parts of the public and private sectors strike together on the same day thereby creating a political punch at the government. The idea is the whole is greater than the sum of parts. If the strikes are not aggregated together, they will remain as just the odd strike here and there. Would this be lawful? The unions are not talking about a general strike. General strikes are unlawful as they are political strikes against a government and not an employer. But co-ordinated action would be lawful so long as each individual strike comprised a trade dispute with an employer and had a lawful mandate for action after going through the balloting and notification process. Thus, unions could not be sued for loss of business by employers. How could it happen? Despite the cuts being enforced by central government, their impact will take place at different times and with different effects in different parts of the public sector as individual employers take action to balance their books. This means it will be a difficult – though not impossible – task to synchronise all the groups of workers that want to take action. That is why unions may move first on pension reform, because this will affect a large number of workers at the same time and in the same way. Wont it seem that unions are just protecting their own vested interest? The downside of moving on pensions is that it is harder to portray this action as defending public services. If action was taken on redundancies, the argument could be made that reducing jobs also meant reducing service provision so that an alliance of service providers and users could be created. What about the wider anti-cuts movement? Unions have 7 million members and significant financial resources. But they will not win this battle on their own. They need to ally with others. But by the same token, others need to ally with them. Out of todays meeting needs to come a commitment by all unions to put their shoulder to the wheel to work effectively with campaigning organisations to create a tsunami of resistance. | Unread (The guardian)Explanation on the rightful legislation| 25 January 2011| BA strike: pilots union warns on safety and moraleThe leader of Britains largest pilot union has warned that the British Airways cabin crew dispute could endanger safety at the airline and has damaged trade unionism in the UK. Jim McAuslan, general secretary of the British Airline Pilots Association (Balpa), said the war within BA could endanger safety and urged the airline to act so that safety is not prejudiced. Last year a BA pilot told the Guardian that the dispute between the airline and the Unite trade union had created unsustainable working conditions on flights, due to the carrier using a volunteer workforce during strikes that included some pilots. He added, added that the aftermath of the cabin crew dispute could resemble the consequences of the miners strike in the mid-1980s, when communities were divided between strike-breakers and strikers. After all of this is over there will have to be a process by which everyone works together again. You cannot have what happened after the miners strike where there are still people in villages not talking to each other. Unite had become a prisoner of its main cabin crew branch, Bassa, McAuslan added. He also claimed that conciliation service Acas and the leader of the TUC, Brendan Barber, would agree with BAs argument that Unite and Bassa have a dysfunctional relationship. He said: I think Unite have become prisoners of a local branch that has lost the plot a bit If you speak to Acas and Brendan [Barber] they would probably agree that there is dysfunctionality within Unite. Unite argues that it has had no choice but to fight back against what it perceives to be a concerted union-breaking strategy at BA and believes that the dispute, originally over staffing cuts, would have been settled long ago if the airline was not determined to hobble Bassa. BA has consistently denied accusations of union breaking. McAuslan said Balpa supported the democracy of the latest Unite vote but indicated that pilots would not back the dispute. Last week nearly 80% of Unite-affiliated crew at BA voted in favour of strike action, although the union is holding off from setting walkout dates after calling for renewed negotiations with the airline. Responding to McAuslans comments on safety, a BA spokesman said: All of our crew are extremely professional and are trained to the very highest standards. The safety of our customers and crew is our highest priority and would never be compromised. | Unread (The guardian)Public views (Balpa)Union viewsBA management views| (BA-18)January 21, 2011/ 7:21pm| FT. om / Companies / UK companies BA cabin crew vote for more strikesBritish Airways is facing the threat of further strikes by its cabin crew after they voted heavily in favour of more walkouts, overshadowing completion of the airline’s merger with Spain’s Iberia. The Unite union said its members h ad voted by 5,751 to 1,579 to take further industrial action on a turnout of 75 per cent. It follows 22 days of strikes last spring which cost the airline more than ? 150m and prolongs a bitter dispute that has already lasted more than a year. The turnout among the union’s 10,220 members and the majority in favour of action of 78. 5 per cent were not far short of Unite’s two previous strike ballots. The union held back from naming strike dates and called for more negotiationsThe result was revealed as BA finalised its merger with Iberia to create a new holding company, International Consolidated Airlines Group. Shares in IAG will be listed in London and Madrid from Monday, with BA and Iberia retaining their brands in a link-up intended to save â‚ ¬400m (? 337m) a year within five years and pave the way for acquisitions. The airline has said if there are more strikes it expects to fly 100 per cent of long-haul and most short-haul flights at Heathrow, as well as full schedules at Gatwick and City airports. It kept most flights operating during the last bout of strikes by using volunteer staff and hiring extra aircraft and crew. Over the past 12 months, BA’s shares have gained 40 per cent and on Thursday closed at 283p. Len McCluskey, Unite’s new leader, said: â€Å"For the fourth time in 13 months, British Airways cabin crew have voted overwhelmingly in support of their union and expressed their dissatisfaction with management behaviour. † He added: â€Å"This dispute will be resolved by negotiation, not litigation or confrontation, and it is to negotiation that BA management should now apply itself†. The union is seeking immediate restoration of the concessions, binding arbitration for disciplinary cases and restoration of wages docked from staff who were sick during the strikes. BA said Unite did not have the support of the majority of cabin crew. â€Å"Of our 13,500 crew, only 43 per cent voted in favour of strike action in this ballot,† it said. | Unread (Ft. com)Union viewsBA management views| 21 January 2011| BA cabin crew vote for fresh strikesBritish Airways cabin crew have voted for further industrial action – but passengers were spared immediate disruption when the Unite trade union did not announce strike dates and called on BA to open negotiations. Len McCluskey, Unites general secretary designate, said BA management should wake up and listen, after nearly eight out of 10 crew members who took part in the ballot voted for strike action. Surely BA management must now wake up and listen to the voice of their skilled and dedicated employees. This dispute will be resolved by negotiation, not litigation or confrontation, and it is to negotiation that BA management should now apply itself. We are ready, he said. BA has pledged to operate 10 0% of its long-haul services in the event of any industrial action, having built up an auxiliary workforce of thousands of crew, including more than 500 retrained pilots. Those preparations have prompted Unite and its main cabin crew branch, Bassa, to delay announcing strike dates and plans for industrial action. BA cabin crew embarked on 22 days of strikes last year including walkouts in five-day blocks. Tactical discussions in recent weeks have looked at guerilla-style action though with no peace talks planned, conventional strikes have not been ruled out. Under trade union laws Unite must begin striking within 28 days, including seven days notice, which gives the union 21 days before it needs to announce dates. More than 10,000 crew members were balloted and 7,335 of them voted, representing a turnout of 75% in a poll over sanctions against crew who took part in strikes last year. A majority of 78. 5% voted for industrial action, a result described by McCluskey as overwhelming. The previous strike vote, in February last year, attracted a marginally higher turnout and majority. BA said the ballot result showed that Unite did not have the support of the majority of cabin crew, pointing to the fact that only 5,751 crew out of 13,500 flight attendants at BA voted in favour of industrial action. However, union sources said a more accurate comparison would be with the 10,220 crew who are actually Unite members. | Unread (The guardian)Union viewsBA management views| 21 Jan 2011| BA cabin crew vote for strikes now Unite should call actionBritish Airways cabin crew have voted by a fantastic 78. 5 percent for strikes on a 75 percent turnout. This is an even bigger vote than in the workers’ last ballot. Their Unite union must name the dates now and launch a militant programme of action that can win. BA bosses are waging war on cabin crew. Bullying boss Willie Walsh slashed jobs in November 2009. He has attacked pay, removed workers’ travel concessions and sacked leading union activists. BA’s ultimate aim is to destroy the union- that’s why this battle matters for the whole trade union movement. They’ve shown fantastic strength and determination throughout the dispute, taking 22 days of strikes and winning huge support from other workers. BA management have repeatedly shown themselves to be determined to break the militancy and organisation of cabin crew. It will be hard-hitting strikes that will make BA bosses listen. Crew should pile the pressure to demand that McCluskey calls a programme of strikes and throws the whole weight of the union behind the dispute. Unread ( Socialist Worker Online. (A revolutionary anti-capitalist paper I Britain)BA management views| 21 Mar 2010| Unite UnionThe Unite  trade union has urged  British Airways  to resume peace talks as cabin crews prepare to enter their third day of strike action with both sides clai ming to have landed blows in the disputeTony Woodley, called on BAs board to reopen negotiations over staffing cuts that broke up acrimoniously last week. BA is trying to restore a normal schedule when the strike ends at midnight tomorrow, but aircraft are now out of place around the globe, threatening more disruption, and a further four-day strike is due to begin on Saturday. I am now appealing to the BA chairman and sensible members of the board to use their influence, put passengers first and return to the negotiating table for the good of everyone, said Woodley. | Unite calls on BA to return to talks guardian. co. uk/business/2010/mar/21/ba-strike-unite-call-resume-negotiations| 24 Mar 2010| British AirwayBritish Airways has stripped striking cabin crew of their discounted travel perks as a further four-day strike looms this weekend. They would not be paid for the days they failed to turn up for duty, and confirming that, as warned, their access to the staff travel scheme will b e stopped from 14 April. A BA spokesperson added: Our cabin crew knew that if they took part in the strike they would lose their staff travel permanently. BA said yesterday that around 60% of its rostered cabin crew, or 3,000 employees, turned up for work over the three-day strike – implying that 2,000 joined the walkout in total. However, the Unite trade union, which is behind the dispute, has challenged those figures and claimed that they included staff on inbound long-haul services. 3,000 cabin crew turned up for work as normal during last weekends strike. BA employs around 13,500 flight attendants, of whom around 12,000 are Unite members. | Striking BA staff lose travel perks guardian. co. uk/business/2010/mar/24/british-airways-strike-travel| 25 Mar 2010  | British AirwayUnite had pledged to suspend a three-day strike last Saturday if the BA chief executive, Willie Walsh, reinstated a peace offer that had been withdrawn days before. His refusal to put the document back on the table, in apparent exasperation at the unions tactics, was highlighted in the academics letter, with 116 signatories. It is clear to us that the actions of the chief executive of British Airways, notwithstanding his protestations to the contrary, are explicable only by the desire to break the union which represents the cabin crew. Unites cabin crew branch, Bassa, represents 11,000 BA flight attendants and has called a further four-day strike starting on Saturday in what is now a prolonged industrial dispute with embarrassing political consequences for the Labour party, which relies on Unite as a major donor. British Airways trying to break Unite union guardian. co. uk/business/2010/mar/25/british-airways-accused-break-unite-union| 2 Apr 2010  | British AirwayAn article on the current cabin crew dispute between British Airway  and the Unite unions flight attendant branch Bassa, named Frank Burchill, a visiting professor at Strathclyde U niversity, as the author of what we described as a comprehensive guide to undermining Bassas current leadership. That information was incorrect. Professor Burchill was not commissioned to write, and did not produce or write this document. He had no involvement whatsoever in it. | BA told to hit union where it hurts guardian. co. k/theguardian/2010/apr/02/frank-burchill-apology| 28 Mar 2010  | Unite UnionUnited national officer, Steve Turner warned British Airways Passengers to expect further strikes after Easter unless there is a breakthrough in the bitter row over planned cuts that sparked further industrial action this weekend. Unite said it believed BA was grounding some flights so it could use pilots as cabin crew on other BA flights, a claim denied by the airline. | Unite warns disgraceful BA of more strikes guardian. co. uk/business/2010/mar/28/unite-british-airways-strike-threat| 29 Mar 2010  | Unite UnionUnited, is digging in for a battle of attrition with British Airway s after announcing that it is raising a ? 700,000 war chest for the cabin crew strikers. Unite is raising the fund through an unprecedented 2% levy on its 3,000 branches. The news came as BA confirmed that some cabin crew were being docked nearly a fortnights wages for taking part in the walkout, raising fears among Unite officials that union members will be starved into crossing picket lines if, as expected, the dispute drags on past Easter. The walkout, now in its sixth day, is adding to a long list of apparently irreconcilable issues between both sides. BA confirmed some strikers were being docked the equivalent of 12 days wages if they were rostered for a long-haul trip during the walkoutUnite, which is paying cabin crew ? 30 a day, has agreed to pay crew for the duration of their roster duty if they walked out on a long-haul shift. | Unite raises ? 700,000 for BA strike guardian. co. k/business/2010/mar/29/ba-cabin-crew-strike-fund| 10 Mar 2010  | British AirwayA walkout by 12,000 BA flight attendants could begin as soon as next Thursday. A source at Unites cabin crew branch, Bassa, said a walkout of at least 10 days would be consideredBA was s eriously considering a partial repeal of cuts to staffing levels on flights but wanted fewer crew back onboard than Unite has proposed. BA has been seeking ? 60m in annual cost savings from cabin crew. A strike could take place from next Thursday once Unite gives BA seven days notice of actionThe airline operates 650 flights a day with its 239-plane fleet, mostly from Heathrow, but has not said which routes would be kept open by the stand-in workforce. BA strike looms as talks break down guardian. co. uk/business/2010/mar/10/british-airways-strike-talks| 19 Mar 2010  | British AirwayThe dispute with cabin crew is about BAs plans to change working practices and pay. The first three-day strike is due to begin on Saturday, affecting over a thousand flights, with a second strike scheduled for 27 March. I believe Unite has made the wrong decision and misjudged the mood of our times, said British Airways chief executive Willie Walsh. My door remains open to Unite. The union is holding a rally for cabin crew staff at Sandown Park racecourse. | Last-ditch bid to end BA disputehttp://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/8574383. tm| 19 Mar 2010  | British AirwayBA threatened to suspend co-operation with Britains largest trade union after last-ditch talks failed to prevent a three-day strike by cabin crew starting today. Tonight an extensive strike-breaking plan moved into gear at BA as the airline prepared to move 65% of its passengers over the next three days with a workforce of 1,000 volunteer cabin crew and 22 chartered jets, including three Ryanair planes complete with no-frills flight attendants. BA cabin crew have also called a further, four-day strike from 27 March if there is still no agreement by the end of next week. The first BA cabin crew strike since 1997 begins tomorrow morning after talks between Willie Walsh, BA chief executive, and Tony Woodley, joint general ecretary of Unite, collapsed in acrimony this afternoon| British Airways declares war on union after talks fail guardian. co. uk/business/2010/mar/19/ba-strike-dates-union-talks| 25 Jan 2010  | Unite UnionBritish Airways  could be reduced to operating only a few flights during a cabin crew walkout after claims that its strike-breaking workforce has just 216 volunteers. The  Unite  trade union said that a programme to retrain employees as air stewards during industrial action would replace less than 2% of the airlines cabin crew. The recruitment initiative, which Unite has condemned as a scab labour drive, began yesterday as about 12,000 cabin crew started voting on a walkout over staff cuts. BA has told staff with no flying experience they can qualify as cabin crew within three weeks, with pilots able to meet safety standards within five days. The airline has admitted that the emphasis will be on safety rather than customer service, and temporary crew will give passengers a simple in-flight experience| Union claims BA has too few scabs guardian. co. uk/business/2010/jan/25/ba-strikebreakers-cabin-crew-protest| 22 Feb 2010  | British Airways The poll saw 81% of cabin crew backing strike action in  a row over staffing cuts and proposed changes to working conditions, on a turnout of 79%. The Unite union did not announce any strike dates, but a walkout can be staged within 28 days. A walkout by cabin crew is likely to ground most of BAs operations, although BA is training hundreds of auxiliary crew after calling for volunteers from its 38,000 workforce. BA operates 650 flights daily, carrying around 80,000 passengers. BA unilaterally reduced cabin crew on long-haul flights by at least one person to reduce costs at an airline that posted a pre-tax loss of ? 401m last year. | BA cabin crew vote to strike guardian. co. uk/business/2010/feb/22/ba-cabin-crew-vote-strike| ;BA -76;23 Feb 2010  | Cabin CrewBA has pursued a dual strategy of attempting to pile on the pressure to intimidate the cabin crew members into not voting to strike, on the one hand, and to undermine the effectiveness of any strike on the other. The anger BA staff feel is based on the unilateral imposition of the changes, the nature of the changes themselves and now the bully-boy tactics of company over the strike vote. | BA cabin crew stand up to intimidatory tactics | Gregor Gall guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2010/feb/23/britishairways-tradeunions| 15 Mar 2010  | Cabin CrewIt is wrong that BA cabin crew get paid more than colleagues at other airlines. According to that argument, competition among staff means levelling down pay, while boardroom competition means levelling it up. And cabin crew bear no responsibility for BAs difficulties, and should not be singled out to pay for them. It was not cabin crew who organised the fuel price-fixing racket which has cost BA hundreds of millions in fines. The airlines reputation for dirty tricks? Not cabin crew but management. | Dont blame British Airways cabin crew | Len McCluskey guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/15/ba-strike-unite-willie-walsh| 17 Dec 2009| Cabin CrewThe high court has blocked  the 12-day Christmas walkout by British Airways cabin crew  after ruling that the strike ballot was illegal. The decision means nearly a million BA passengers can complete their journeys as planned over Christmas unless there are wildcat walkouts by the 12,700 cabin crew who supported industrial action. The dramatic intervention is a humiliation for the Unite union, which had considered delaying the announcement of a massive walkout earlier this week after receiving repeated warnings from BA executives that the vote was invalid. The high court confirmed those fears by granting BAs request for an injunction against the strike after around 900 cabin crew were balloted despite taking voluntary redundancy. | BA strike blocked by high court guardian. co. uk/business/2009/dec/17/court-blocks-british-airways-strike| 17 Dec 2009| British Airways The basic democratic right to withdraw own labour, underpinned by a 92% yes vote on an 80% turnout. In this case, theres not the slightest question that those mistakenly balloted half-way through taking redundancy could have changed the result. Instead, Mrs Justice Cox has made a transparently political decision to skew the balance of power still further in favour of BAs recklessly incompetent management. | BA strike judgment is blatantly political guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2009/dec/17/ba-strike-injunction| 11 Nov 2010| Cabin CrewVote shelved as Unite unions cabin crew branch decides it cannot accept proposed deal to end strikeâ€Å"However, the Unite branch representing about 10,000 flight attendants, the British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association (Bassa), made it clear it could not support the deal. The joint leader of Unite, Tony Woodley, said it made no sense to offer the deal to members over the heads of unwilling representatives. He added: Under these circumstances I have suspended the ballot on the offer and will meet with all of our cabin crew representatives as a matter of urgency to consider the next steps. | British Airways dispute continues as cabin crew ballot suspended guardian. co. uk/business/2010/nov/11/british-airways-cabin-crew-ballot-suspended| 11 Nov 2010| British AirwaysA plan to end a bitter, long-running dispute between British Airways and its cabin crew has collapsed. BA said the deal on offer was fair and reasonable. The airlines cabin crew workers have staged 22 days of strike action since March, costing the airline ? 150m. When the dispute began in November last year, it centred on changes to staffing levels, pay and working conditions. However, Unite has since said that the core issues are the removal of the travel concessions and the implementation of disciplinary sanctions against its members since March. BA reported earlier this month that its passenger numbers in September were 1. 3% higher than a year earlier. However, its total traffic for the year to date is still down on a year ago, following the strike action and Aprils volcanic ash cloud which grounded flights across Europe. | BA peace deal with crew collapses bbc. co. uk/news/business-11737454| 7 Nov 2010| British AirwaysAirlines security staff found to have photographed employees home and car as part of internal disciplinary caseBA security staff have photographed an employees home and car as part of one disciplinary case. One employee in the group, a former police detective, confirmed in a witness statement for a BA disciplinary hearing that he and a colleague travelled to a flight attendants house in Slough on 23 March this year and photographed their house and car. The crew dispute has led to at least 13 sackings and 60 suspensions, including senior shop stewards, for a range of alleged misdemeanours. The cases include 15 crew who used Facebook and private emails to discuss a list of strikebreakers and two shop stewards who were suspended following a clash over representing members in disciplinary cases. BA has drawn up a disciplinary process for cases associated with the industrial action. Guidelines for the Leiden room disciplinary unit, named after the room at BA headquarters where cases are processed, cite three types of transgresser in disciplinary incidents related to the strikes: bystanders, encouragers and contributors. | British Airways draw up new discipline rules as union prepares ballot guardian. co. uk/business/2010/nov/07/british-airways-disciplinary-rules-ballot| 31 Oct 2010| British AirwaysCabin crew to vote on British Airways latest offer with further strike action the only alternative to accepting the dealAbout 10,000 crew affiliated with the Unite trade union are preparing to vote on an offer that could finish a year-long row with the airline. Unites largest cabin crew branch, Bassa, said in an email to members that the only alternative to the deal was strike action. The BA offer sets out a framework for restoring staff travel to the estimated 6,700 crew who took part in 22 days of strike action this year, as well as allowing the Acas conciliation service to mediate disciplinary cases. | British Airways offer probably best available, says union guardian. co. uk/business/2010/oct/31/ba-offer-finds-union-favour| 24 Oct 2010| Unite UnionPoll could shift centre ground of trade union movementMembers of the countrys biggest trade union will begin voting tomorrow to choose a new leader in an election that could have profound consequences for the looming battle between the government and the nations workforce over its spending cuts. The winner will take over from Tony Woodley and Derek Simpson, who have been joint general secretaries since Unite was formed through a merger of the Transport and General Workers Union and Amicus in 2007. | Voting begins in crucial battle for Unite union leadership guardian. co. uk/politics/2010/oct/24/voting-begins-unite-union-leadership| 20 Oct 2010| Cabin CrewUnite union to poll around 10,000 flight attendantsAirline believed to have shifted on disciplinary actionSpeaking this week at the annual convention of the Association of British Travel Agents, Walsh said it was entirely Unites fault that a settlement had not been reached in a dispute that originated in a reduction of crew numbers on BA flights in the wake of a voluntary redundancy programme. Walsh said: In the past I have seen managers and businesses ignore issues and back down in the face of industrial action. We are not going to do that. Walsh added that BA had robust contingency plans and would operate 100% of its long-haul services if there were further strikes. | British Airways strike: crew vote on peace deal guardian. co. uk/business/2010/oct/20/british-airways-strike-crew-vote-deal| 20 Oct 2010| British AirwaysSources say Unite to put proposal to British Airways union members which could end year-long row over cost cuttingTony Woodley, joint leader of Unite, said yesterday that the BA row was the most testing industrial dispute of his career. Unite members took 22 days of strike action earlier this year, causing travel chaos for passengers and costing BA more than ? 150m. The dispute started just over a year ago after BA announced a series of cost-cutting moves, including a reduction in the number of cabin crew. As part of any deal to end the dispute, Unite has been urging BA to restore the travel concessions and stop taking disciplinary action. | BA staff to vote on deal to end strikes guardian. co. uk/business/2010/oct/20/ba-cabin-crew-vote-dispute| 20 Oct 2010| Unite ; British AirwaysBritish Airways cabin crews are to be balloted on a new deal that could end their long-running industrial dispute. The new offer was reached in talks between BA chief executive Willie Walsh and Unite joint leader Tony Woodley. The union has been pressing for the restoration of travel concessions removed from members who went on strike earlier in the year. BA said that its offer, based on its previous proposals, was very fair and reasonable. | BA crew face ballot on new deal bbc. co. uk/news/business-11582609 | 19 Sep 2010| Unite UnionThe Unite union will lodge an appeal in the high court this week over BA withdrawing travel concessions from 7,000 membersBA reduced crew numbers on long-haul flights from last November after the High Court in London refused an application from Unite for an injunction against the changes. Unite takes BA back to court | Politics | The Guardian guardian. co. uk/politics/2010/sep/19/unite-court-ba-airline-dispute | 10 Oct 2010| Unite ; British AirwaysUnion and BA boss Willie Walsh discuss proposals to end long-running dispute with airlines cabin crewUnite and its main c abin crew branch, Bassa, argue that the staff travel move is tantamount to punishment for exercising the right to strike. Walsh, in turn, has stated that the travel concessions are for those who show loyalty to the company. Walsh has pledged to operate 100% of BAs long-haul services from Heathrow in the event of further strikes, alongside a full complement of services at Gatwick and City airports. Walsh, a former shop steward himself, has dismissed the union-breaking claims as nonsense and pointed to a recent deal with Unite-affiliated customer services staff as proof that other sections of the organisation are willing to co-operate in cost-cutting plans. | British Airways and Unite meet at Acas to head off new strike | Business | The Observer guardian. co. uk/business/2010/oct/10/unite-talks-british-airways-cabin-crew | 11 Oct 2010| Unite ; British AirwaysWillie Walsh says the Unite union wants to bring the long-running dispute to an end, after the two sides met at Acas last week| BA chief raises hopes of peace deal guardian. co. k/business/2010/oct/11/ba-strike-airline-raises-hopes-peace | 27 June 2010| Unite UnionMove comes as BA manager claims dispute is driven by desire to break the union and that climate of fear pervades airlineWoodley warned today that he could not recommend the BA proposal to members because it did not fully reinstate the staff travel perks stripped fr om strikers who joined walkouts in March. The proposal makes some concessions – offering cabin crew a minimum allowance for food and drink, rather than a flat fee. However, it does not reverse the staffing cuts that triggered the dispute last year. Woodley indicated the offer would have been accepted had it reinstated staff travel. The fact that the travel is not back in full makes the possibility of a recommendation nil. It makes the certainty of a yes uncertain, he said. BA said: We believe our offer is fair and reasonable and provides a genuine opportunity to end this dispute. | Unite to delay BA cabin crew ballot guardian. co. k/politics/2010/jun/27/unite-union-ba-strike-ballot | 12 June 2010| ACASA new set of proposals to end the British Airways (BA) industrial dispute has been unveiled by the arbitration service Acas. | New proposals to end BA dispute bbc. co. uk/news/10301298 | 27 May 2010| European CourtRecent decisions by the European court of human rights may force the British government to protect strikers rightsPress reports suggest that a major sticking point to a settlement in the BA cabin crew dispute continues to be the companys refusal to restore staff travel perks. If true, this could (a) reveal an extraordinary lapse on the part of the company and (b) expose an extraordinary oversight on the part of the government in relation to its legal obligations. BA cabin crew may be able to seek compensation in Strasbourg for the losses they have suffered as a result of the companys conduct. This means that the taxpayer would end up having to pay for the companys actions. But second, it means that British law may have to be changed in line with the emerging body of case law to enable British workers to enforce their human rights in the British courts. Under British law, workers have protection only from dismissal (for 12 weeks) when they take part in lawful industrial action. They have no statutory protection against punitive and vindictive action short of dismissal, such as the cutting of benefits that are claimed to be noncontractual. | Will Europe save the BA strikers? | Keith Ewing guardian. co. k/commentisfree/2010/may/27/will-europe-save-ba-strikers | 18 May 2010| British AirwaysUnite has had to jump through so many hoops put in its way by lawmakers intent on restricting its democratic right to strikeBA won its injunction to stop the p lanned series of strikes that were due to start at one minute into Tuesday 18 May. Second time in six months that BA has gone to the high court seeking an injunction. Its not just that the judge sitting in the high court has taken BAs side on both occasions. And, its not just that Unite members have voted by large margins in two successive ballots to take strike action. Its also that BA won this injunction on a technicality. | BA victory is an affront to justice | Gregor Gall guardian. co. k/commentisfree/2010/may/18/ba-victory-affront-justice | 26 May 2010| Unite ; British AirwaysNew strike vote imminent before holding talks with BAs chief executive, Willie WalshIf BA fully reinstates the travel scheme for strikers, Unite has offered to suspend the three waves that started on Monday and are due to continue from May 30 to June 3 and June 5 -9, the last strike ending just days before the start of the World Cup in South Africa. BA said today that it hoped to run 70% of its long-haul s ervices from Heathrow next week, compared with 60% currently, because of the numbers of cabin crew reporting for work. Woodley believes the broad outline of a deal to lower costs has been thrashed out but Walsh wants guarantees that Unite and its main cabin crew branch Bassa will support the proposal if it is put to 11,000 flight attendants in a vote. | Unite and BA talks to resume on Friday guardian. co. uk/business/2010/may/26/unite-union-ba-strike-talks | Fri 21 Jan 2011| BA cabin crew vote for strikes now Unite should call actionBritish Airways cabin crew have voted by a fantastic 78. 5 percent for strikes on a 75 percent turnout. Bullying boss Willie Walsh slashed jobs in November 2009. He has attacked pay, removed workers’ travel concessions and sacked leading union activists. | SOCIALIST WORKER. COMCREW| Friday 21 January 2011| British Airways cabin crew plan new tactics for industrial actionBA passengers could be spared immediate disruption even if cabin crew vote for industrial action at the airline today. It’s understood that the Unite trade union will not announce lengthy walkouts if the result of a strike ballot, due this afternoon, returns a new mandate. BAs chief executive, Willie Walsh, has pledged to operate 100% of the airlines long-haul schedule at Heathrow, Gatwick and City airports, which would neutralise the effect of walkouts by staff. Union sources have acknowledged that the dispute has entered a different phase, with BA able to call on thousands of volunteer cabin crew, including more than 500 pilots who have retrained as flight attendants. | guardian. co. ukPUBLIC| Thursday 20 January 2011| British Airways strike: time to grow upBritish Airways cabin crew will announce the result of yet another ballot for strike action tomorrow. Most commentators seem to think that they will again vote in favour – but this time there will be fewer taking part in the ballot and possibly a smaller majority. For the sake of the passengers, shareholders and all the staff, both union and management must seek an adult end to this dispute. They must both realise that key workgroups cannot be both bullied and expected to deliver either loyalty or excellent customer service. They must both realise that the problem has not gone away with any of the solutions so far suggested – in reducing crew complements by one, it is not the cost of supplying the service which has been reduced, but the level of service itself. | guardian. co. kPUBLIC| Tue 11 Jan 2011 * | British Airways cabin crew hold defiant mass meeting 15Jan11 Socialist Worker1500 British Airways (BA) cabin crew packed into a union meeting at Kempton Park racecourse on Monday of this week. Cabin crew are currently balloting for fresh strikes over a range of attacks from their bosses. The ballot ends on Friday of next week. Workers haven’t struck since June in their ongoing dispute with bullying boss Willie Walsh. But they remain in fighting mood. Before any speeches began, crew were chanting, â€Å"Willie, Willie, Willie- Out, Out, Out! †| SOCIALIST WORKER. COMCREW | Thursday 17 December 2009| BA strike injunction could leave Walsh the winnerA bad day for democracy, said the Unite union after the high court blocked the planned 12-day strike by cabin crew at British Airways. | guardian. co. kMANAGEMENT| Friday, 18 December 2009| British Airways union Unite to call new strike voteBritish Airways (BA) cabin crew will be balloted again on industrial action after a planned Christmas strike was declared illegal by the High Court. The 12-day strike was called in protest over changes to working practices. But the judge agreed with BA that Unite had not correctly balloted its members, forcing it to cancel the action. The ballot included people who had left the company or were about to, and so was judged invalid. | BBC. CO. UKMANAGEMENT| Wednesday, 6 Jan 2010| British Airways to hold fresh talks with unionBritish Airways is to hold fresh talks with its main union in a bid to avert the renewed threat of strike action by cabin crew. Unite said it and the airline had agreed to meet in the coming days to try to find a negotiated settlement to the row over jobs, pay and conditions. The announcement comes after a High Court judge ordered Unite to call off a planned 12-day walkout over Christmas. This prompted Unite to say it would hold a fresh ballot on strike action. | BBC. CO. UKUNION| Tuesday 30 June 2009| British Airways fails to agree deal with unions on pay and conditionsBritish Airways has failed to meet its self-imposed deadline to secure an agreement on pay and conditions for its 40,000 staff after trade union officials adjourned talks on a two-year pay freeze and 4,000 redundancies. Both unions argue that the recession is a cyclical phenomenon that should not be used by BA as an opportunity to drive through permanent changes and a wholesale restructuring of the business. However, BAs pilots have already accepted Walshs warning and have signed up to a 2. 6% pay cut in an agreement that will save the airline ? 26m. | guardian. co. ukUNION | Tuesday 30 June 2009| British Airways seeks pay freezeBritish Airways wants staff to accept a two-year pay freeze, according to documents seen by the BBC. The company had already announced it was looking for 3,000 redundancies among crew and administrative staff. Talks between unions and management to agree on cost savings were adjourned earlier and should resume on Wednesday. BA is struggling as the economic downturn continues to hurt its business. It recently asked staff to work for nothing to save money. BA is also pushing for significant changes in working conditions. | BBC. CO. UKMANAGEMENT| Sunday 28 June 2009| Union resists prostituting agreements as BA pushes for pay dealLoss-making airline seeks redundancies and drastic changes to conditions but Unite is determined not to retreat too farWillie Walsh, BAs chief executive, has demanded an agreement by Tuesday after warning that there needs to be urgency around the discussions we are having. BA is making heavy losses, burning through cash at nearly ? 3m a day and posting ? 401m deficit last year. BA has told cabin crew that it wants up to 2,000 voluntary